A Facile Palladium Catalysed 3-Component Cascade Route to Functionalised Isoquinolinones and Isoquinolines

Palladium catalysed three component cascade process, involving coupling of 2-iodobenzoates, -benzaldehydes, or acetophenones with substituted allenes and ammonium tartrate as an ammonium surrogate, provides a novel and facile route to substituted functionalised isoquinolinones and isoquinolines in good yields

Use of Buprenorphine in Children With Chronic Pseudoobstruction Syndrome Case Series and Review of Literature

Objectives: Abdominal pain is the most challenging symptom in chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIPO) syndrome, because of its severity and the limited availability of suitable opioid formulations, especially in pediatric patients with digestive problems. Most of the children with CIPO cannot tolerate oral formulations. Case Reports: We present 4 cases of children with CIPO and severe intractable abdominal pain, and report on the use of a recently available form of opioid, transdermal buprenorphine in a dosage of 5 mcg/h. Discussion: CIPO and the unique pharmacological profile of buprenorphine are reviewed briefl

Guidelines for the Development of Tourism for Tourists with Different Demographic Characteristics in Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province

The purposes of this research were to compare demographic characteristics and motivations of tourists as a push factor and a pull factor, to assess the potential of the tourism components, and to propose guidelines for the development of tourism for tourists with different demographic characteristics in Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. It was collected information from four hundred Thai tourists who traveled to the tourist attraction in Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Then it was analyzed using statistical, descriptive, mean, standard deviation, t-Test One-Way ANOVA interpretation, and qualitative research by Non-participant observation of the five tourism components (5A). It found that the samples with different genders, ages, monthly incomes, and domiciles had different tourism behaviors, but the samples with different marital statuses do not have different tourism behaviors. The main reason for traveling to Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province was the need for change and self-development, followed by the response to private needs. In terms of pull factors, it found that the samples focused on tourist attractions at a high level, followed by amenities, access, accommodations, and activities were at moderate to high

Characterization of BPSS1521 (<i>bprD</i>), a Regulator of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> Virulence Gene Expression in the Mouse Model

<div><p>The Gram-negative saprophytic bacterium <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease of both humans and animals. Severity of the disease is thought to be dependent on both the health status of the host, including diabetes mellitus and kidney disease, and bacterial-derived factors. To identify the bacterial factors important during an acute infection, gene expression profiles in the spleen, lung, and liver of BALB/c (Th2 prototype) and C57BL/6 mice (Th1 prototype) were determined using DNA microarrays. This analysis identified BPSS1521 (<i>bprD</i>), a predicted transcriptional regulator located in the type III secretion system (T3SS-3) operon, to be up regulated, specifically in C57BL/6 mice. BALB/c mice infected with a <i>bprD</i> mutant showed a shorter time to death and increased inflammation, as determined by histopathological analysis and enumeration of bacteria in the spleen. Elevated numbers of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), which is the hallmark of melioidosis, were detected in both the wild-type and the <i>bprD</i> mutants; a similar elevation occurs in melioidosis patients. One striking observation was the increased expression of BPSS1520 (<i>bprC</i>), located downstream of <i>bprD</i>, in the <i>bprD</i> mutant. BprC is a regulator of T6SS-1 that is required for the virulence of <i>B. pseudomallei</i> in murine infection models. Deletion of <i>bprD</i> led to the overexpression of <i>bprC</i> and a decreased time to death. <i>bprD</i> expression was elevated in C57BL/6 —as compared to BALB/c—mice, suggesting a role for BprD in the natural resistance of C57BL/6 mice to <i>B. pseudomallei</i>. Ultimately, this analysis using mice with different immune backgrounds may enhance our understanding of the outcomes of infection in a variety of models.</p></div

Bacterial strains used in this study.

<p>Cm, chloramphenicol; Gm, gentamicin; Ap, ampicillin; Tc, tetracycline; Km, kanamycin; Tp, Trimethoprim; Px, polymyxin; Sm, streptomycin; r  =  resistance; s  =  sensitive.</p

Plasmids used in this study.

<p>Cm, chloramphenicol; Gm, gentamicin; Ap, ampicillin; Tc, tetracycline; Km, kanamycin; Tp, Trimethoprim; Px, polymyxin; Sm, streptomycin; r  =  resistance; s  =  sensitive.</p

Venn diagrams showing the number of genes differentially expressed in each organ.

<p>Genes expressed at higher levels in the spleen (pink); lung (green); and liver (yellow) of BALB/C (A) and C57BL/6 (B) mice compared to <i>in vitro</i>.</p

Primers used in this study.

<p>MCS, multiple cloning site.</p

Survival curves and numbers of bacteria in the spleen of BALB/c mice after infection with <i>B. pseudomallei</i>.

<p>(A) The virulence of the <i>B. pseudomallei</i> K96243 wild-type and <i>bprD</i> mutant strains was compared in BALB/c mice, which are highly susceptible to infection. X-axis, days after infection; Y-axis, % survival. BALB/c mice (groups of eight) were intraperitoneally infected with ∼10⁴ CFU of the <i>B. pseudomallei</i> K96243 wild-type (•), <i>bprD</i> mutant (∇) or <i>bprD</i> complemented (▪) strain, and their survival was monitored daily. The survival of mice infected with the wild-type strain was significantly different from those infected with the <i>bprD</i> mutant (<i>P</i> = 0.0015). (B) The numbers of <i>B. pseudomallei</i> K96243 wild-type, <i>bprD</i>-mutant, and <i>bprD</i>-complemented strains in the spleen of BALB/c mice. X-axis, days after infection; Y-axis, number of bacteria (CFU). A total of 1×10⁴ CFU of the wild-type (▪) and <i>bprD</i>-mutant (□) strains, and 0.5×10⁴ CFU of the <i>bprD</i>-complemented ( ) strain, were intraperitoneally injected into BALB/c mice. The number of bacteria in the spleen on days 2, 3, 7 and 13 was determined. The experiment was performed twice; average values of data are shown.</p