Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior

Vaurioituneen säiliöaluksen jäissä operointi

TIIVISTELMÄ KYMENLAAKSON AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU Merenkulku ROMO, ELINA Vaurioituneen säiliöaluksen jäissä operointi Opinnäytetyö 37 sivua ja 15 liitesivua Työn ohjaajat Timo Alava, Jorma Rytkönen ja Tommy Ulmanen Toimeksiantaja Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulun SAFGOF-hanke Marraskuu 2010 Avainsanat talvimerenkulku,yhteentörmäys,karilleajo, pelastus, säiliöalus, jää Alusöljyonnettomuuksia sattuu vuosittain kaikkialla maailmassa. Niiden vakavuusaste määräytyy tilanteen, aluksen koon, sääolosuhteiden sekä paikan mukaan. Suomen ympäristökeskus on pitänyt kirjaa alusöljyvahingoista vuodesta 1969 lähtien. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on pohtia törmäyksessä tai pohjakosketuksessa vaurioituneen säiliöaluksen pelastus-suunnitelmaa jääolosuhteissa. Työtä varten tutkittiin erilaisia talvisaikaan sattuneita öljyonnettomuuksia, ja niiden kautta pohditaan pelastautumistapoja. Öljyonnettomuuksia tapahtuu jatkuvasti sekä meillä että muualla. Öljyn-torjunnan tehostaminen Itämerellä on tarpeen vuosi vuodelta lisääntyneen öljynkuljetuksen vuoksi. Alusöljyvahinkoja sattuu usein samoista syistä: aluksen karilleajo, uppoaminen tai jäähän tai toiseen alukseen törmääminen. Näiden tapausten valossa tulee ottaa huomioon lisäaspektit, jotka johtuvat sääolosuhteista. Öljyn kerääminen jäistä on huomattavasti vaikeampaa kuin avovedestä, sekä aluksen turvaan saaminen voi osoittautua erittäin vaativaksi tehtäväksi jääolosuhteissa.ABSTRACT KYMENLAAKSON AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU University of Applied Sciences Maritime Technology ROMO, ELINA Operation of Damaged Tanker in Ice Bachelor´s Thesis 37 pages and 15 pages of appendices Supervisor Timo Alava Commissioned by Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences, SAFGOF-Project November 2010 Keywords winter,navigation,collision, grounding, ice, salvage, tanker In sea traffic, oil accidents occur around the world very year, and criticality is determined by the situation considering the vessel size, weather conditions and sea area. Until 1969, the Finnish Environment Institute kept records of vessel accidents. The objective of the thesis was to consider a rescue plan for a tanker which is damaged in ice conditions by collision or grounding. A variety of oil accidents which occurred in wintertime was also studied, and based on them, methods of salvage were discussed. Oil accidents occur constantly in Finland and elsewhere. Supporting the fight against oil accidents in the Baltic Sea is necessary because of the yearly increasing oil transportation. In sea traffic, oil accidents occur often for the same reasons: grounding, immersion or collision with ice or another vessel. In addition, the weather condition should be considered. Elimination of oil in winter condition is much more difficult than in open water, and the rescue of the vessel may prove to be a very demanding task in presence of ice

Grape juice increases the BDNF levels but not alter the S100B levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex from male Wistar Rats

Several studies have shown that a high consumption of vegetables and fruits is consistently associated with a low risk of oxidative stress-induced diseases, which includes some degenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer and Parkinson. Therefore, the objective of this study is to verify the effects of conventional and organic grape juice in the modulation of the neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and astrocytic markers protein (S100B) in hippocampus and frontal cortex of Wistar rats. In this study, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. To the first one, it was given organic purple grape juice; to the second, conventional grape juice, while the last one received only saline. After 30 days, all rats were sacrificed and hippocampus and frontal cortex were dissected. The animals that received organic and conventional grape juice showed, in frontal cortex, an elevated BNDF levels in relation to saline group. However, S100B levels did not change. These results showed that grape juices are able to modulate important marker in brain tissue, and could be an important factor to prevent brain diseases