Pola Keruntuhan dan Peningkatan Kekuatan Pada Struktur Dinding dengan Mortar Berfiber Serat Kelapa

Pemenuhan kebutuhan material pembangunan yang semakin meningkat membuat kita berfikir untuk mencari alternatif pemanfaatan material lain, salah satunya pada mortar dengan cara menambahkan serat kelapa pada campuran mortar itu sendiri. Penambahan serat kelapa ke dalam campuran mortar tentu akan membuat parameter kekuatan mortar menjadi berbeda antara lain diantaranya adalah kuat tekan dan kuat tarik serta regangan dalam pasangan dinding. Pada penilitian ini berusaha membandingkan nilai kuat lentur balok mortar, Kuat tekan kubus, kuat tekan dinding yang berserat kelapa dengan tanpa menggunakan serabut kelapa. Pengujian yang dilakukan untuk mortar dengan tanpa serat kelapa (normal) dan dengan penambahan serabut kelapa adalah uji kuat tekan, kuat tarik, dan uji kuat lentur balok mortar. Benda uji yang digunakan untuk pengujian kuat tekan kubus adalah 20 buah, dan kuat tekan dinding 36 buah, kuat tekan dinding prisma 12 buah, kuat tarik lentur balok mortar berukuran 8 x 8 x 30 cm sebanyak 12 buah, kuat tarik belah mortar (silinder) berukuran 8 x 16 cm berjumlah 12 buah, dan kuat lekat batu bata dengan mortar sebanyak 12 buah. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh kuat tekan kubus tanpa serat kelapa (0%) sebesar 3,84 MPa dan dengan serat kelapa 1% adalah 5,76 MPa, 2,5% sebesar 3,30 MPa dan 5% sebesar 1,36 MPa. Untuk kuat tekan dinding tanpa serat kelapa (0%) arah horizontal adalah 0,81 MPa dengan regangan 0,0309 untuk serat kelapa 1% 0,93 MPa, regangan 0,0299 dan 2,5% serat sebesar 0,9008 MPa dengan regangan 0,0372 serta 5% serat kelapa adalah 0,71 MPa dengan regangan adalah 0,0344. Dinding arah vertikal tekan tanpa serat kelapa (0%) sebesar 0,9446 MPa dengan regangan 0,0224 untuk 1% serat kelapa 0,97 MPa, regangan adalah 0,0214 dan 2,5% serabut kelapa sebesar 0,98 MPa dan regangan adalah 0,0186 serta untuk arah dinding diagonal (geser) tanpa serat kelapa (0%) sebesar 0,19 MPa dengan regangan 0,0097 dan untuk 1% serat kelapa dan 2,5% adalah berturut-turut 0,09 MPa dan 0,15 MPa dengan regangan 0,0100 dan 0,0108. Untuk kuat tarik lentur tanpa serat kelapa (normal) sebesar 1,21 MPa dan dengan serat kelapa berturut-turut 1% adalah 1,70 MPa, 2,5% adalah 1,66 MPa, dan 5% adalah 1,22 MPa. Kuat Lekat Mortar dengan tanpa serat kelapa (normal) adalah 0,023 MPa dan dengan serat kelapa 1%, 2,5% dan 5% berturut-turut 0,026 MPa, 0,023 MPa dan 0,016 MPa. Sedangkan untuk pengujian kuat tarik belah mortar dengan tanpa serat kelapa (normal) adalah 0,70 MPa, dan dengan serat kelapa berturut-turut sebesar 0,58 MPa, 0,48 MPa, dan 0,25 MPa. Untuk kuat tekan dinding prisma tanpa serat kelapa (normal) sebesar 1,41 MPa dengan regangan adalah 0,0271 dan untuk dengan serat kelapa berturut-turut adalah 0,95 MPa, 1,00 MPa dan 0,81 MPa dengan regangan sebesar 0,0373 dan 0,0336 serta regangan untuk serat 5% adalah 0,0453. Dengan pola keruntuhan dinding yaitu semakin banyak serat kelapa yang digunakan maka pola retaknya semakin banyak seperti pada pola retak dinding arah horizontal yaitu 0% adalah 4 buaah, 1% adalah 6,5 buah, 2,5% sebanyak 7 buah dan 5% sebanyak 9 buah

Statistical Laws Governing Fluctuations in Word Use from Word Birth to Word Death

We analyze the dynamic properties of 10^7 words recorded in English, Spanish and Hebrew over the period 1800--2008 in order to gain insight into the coevolution of language and culture. We report language independent patterns useful as benchmarks for theoretical models of language evolution. A significantly decreasing (increasing) trend in the birth (death) rate of words indicates a recent shift in the selection laws governing word use. For new words, we observe a peak in the growth-rate fluctuations around 40 years after introduction, consistent with the typical entry time into standard dictionaries and the human generational timescale. Pronounced changes in the dynamics of language during periods of war shows that word correlations, occurring across time and between words, are largely influenced by coevolutionary social, technological, and political factors. We quantify cultural memory by analyzing the long-term correlations in the use of individual words using detrended fluctuation analysis.Comment: Version 1: 31 pages, 17 figures, 3 tables. Version 2 is streamlined, eliminates substantial material and incorporates referee comments: 19 pages, 14 figures, 3 table

Conserved Subcortical and Divergent Cortical Expression of Proteins Encoded by Orthologs of the Autism Risk Gene MET

Met receptor tyrosine kinase signaling regulates the growth and development of axons and may contribute to the wiring of cortical and limbic circuits in the rodent forebrain. Whether the orthologous MET receptor functions similarly in the developing primate forebrain is not known but is of considerable interest considering the association of variant MET alleles with social and communication phenotypes in autism. To begin addressing this question, we compared Met/MET protein expression in the developing mouse and rhesus macaque forebrain. There was a strong temporal conservation of expression during the time of rapid axon development and the onset of robust synapse formation. Expression patterns of Met/MET in limbic-related structures were almost identical between species. In marked contrast, there was highly divergent expression in the neocortex. In mouse, Met was broadly distributed throughout neocortex. In the macaque, robust MET expression was largely restricted to the posterior cingulate, inferior temporal, posterior parietal, and visual cortices, including face processing regions. The pattern is consistent with the importance of vision in the social repertoire of the primate. Collectively, these data suggest a conserved developmental function of the MET receptor in wiring together limbic and neocortical circuits that facilitate species-appropriate responses, including social behavior

Genome-wide association study of shared components of reading disability and language impairment

Written and verbal languages are neurobehavioral traits vital to the development of communication skills. Unfortunately, disorders involving these traits—specifically reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI)—are common and prevent affected individuals from developing adequate communication skills, leaving them at risk for adverse academic, socioeconomic and psychiatric outcomes. Both RD and LI are complex traits that frequently co-occur, leading us to hypothesize that these disorders share genetic etiologies. To test this, we performed a genome-wide association study on individuals affected with both RD and LI in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The strongest associations were seen with markers in ZNF385D (OR = 1.81, P = 5.45 × 10−7) and COL4A2 (OR = 1.71, P = 7.59 × 10−7). Markers within NDST4 showed the strongest associations with LI individually (OR = 1.827, P = 1.40 × 10−7). We replicated association of ZNF385D using receptive vocabulary measures in the Pediatric Imaging Neurocognitive Genetics study (P = 0.00245). We then used diffusion tensor imaging fiber tract volume data on 16 fiber tracts to examine the implications of replicated markers. ZNF385D was a predictor of overall fiber tract volumes in both hemispheres, as well as global brain volume. Here, we present evidence for ZNF385D as a candidate gene for RD and LI. The implication of transcription factor ZNF385D in RD and LI underscores the importance of transcriptional regulation in the development of higher order neurocognitive traits. Further study is necessary to discern target genes of ZNF385D and how it functions within neural development of fluent language

Genome-wide association study of shared components of reading disability and language impairment

Written and verbal languages are neurobehavioral traits vital to the development of communication skills. Unfortunately, disorders involving these traits-specifically reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI)-are common and prevent affected individuals from developing adequate communication skills, leaving them at risk for adverse academic, socioeconomic and psychiatric outcomes. Both RD and LI are complex traits that frequently co-occur, leading us to hypothesize that these disorders share genetic etiologies. To test this, we performed a genome-wide association study on individuals affected with both RD and LI in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The strongest associations were seen with markers in ZNF385D (OR = 1.81, P = 5.45 × 10(-7) ) and COL4A2 (OR = 1.71, P = 7.59 × 10(-7) ). Markers within NDST4 showed the strongest associations with LI individually (OR = 1.827, P = 1.40 × 10(-7) ). We replicated association of ZNF385D using receptive vocabulary measures in the Pediatric Imaging Neurocognitive Genetics study (P = 0.00245). We then used diffusion tensor imaging fiber tract volume data on 16 fiber tracts to examine the implications of replicated markers. ZNF385D was a predictor of overall fiber tract volumes in both hemispheres, as well as global brain volume. Here, we present evidence for ZNF385D as a candidate gene for RD and LI. The implication of transcription factor ZNF385D in RD and LI underscores the importance of transcriptional regulation in the development of higher order neurocognitive traits. Further study is necessary to discern target genes of ZNF385D and how it functions within neural development of fluent language

Double Diffraction Dissociation at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider

We present results from a measurement of double diffraction dissociation in $\bar pp$ collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The production cross section for events with a central pseudorapidity gap of width $\Delta\eta^0>3$ (overlapping $\eta=0$) is found to be $4.43\pm 0.02{(stat)}{\pm 1.18}{(syst) mb}$ [$3.42\pm 0.01{(stat)}{\pm 1.09}{(syst) mb}$] at $\sqrt{s}=1800$ [630] GeV. Our results are compared with previous measurements and with predictions based on Regge theory and factorization.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, using RevTeX. Submitted to Physical Review Letter

Search for Narrow Diphoton Resonances and for gamma-gamma+W/Z Signatures in p\bar p Collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV

We present results of searches for diphoton resonances produced both inclusively and also in association with a vector boson (W or Z) using 100 pb^{-1} of p\bar p collisions using the CDF detector. We set upper limits on the product of cross section times branching ratio for both p\bar p\to\gamma\gamma + X and p\bar p\to\gamma\gamma + W/Z. Comparing the inclusive production to the expectations from heavy sgoldstinos we derive limits on the supersymmetry-breaking scale sqrt{F} in the TeV range, depending on the sgoldstino mass and the choice of other parameters. Also, using a NLO prediction for the associated production of a Higgs boson with a W or Z boson, we set an upper limit on the branching ratio for H\to\gamma\gamma. Finally, we set a lower limit on the mass of a `bosophilic' Higgs boson (e.g. one which couples only to \gamma, W, and Z$ bosons with standard model couplings) of 82 GeV/c^2 at 95% confidence level.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figure

Search for Gluinos and Scalar Quarks in ppˉp\bar{p} Collisions at s=1.8\sqrt{s}=1.8 TeV using the Missing Energy plus Multijets Signature

We have performed a search for gluinos (\gls) and squarks (\sq) in a data sample of 84 pb$^{-1}$ of \ppb collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 1.8 TeV, recorded by the Collider Detector at Fermilab, by investigating the final state of large missing transverse energy and 3 or more jets, a characteristic signature in R-parity-conserving supersymmetric models. The analysis has been performed `blind', in that the inspection of the signal region is made only after the predictions from Standard Model backgrounds have been calculated. Comparing the data with predictions of constrained supersymmetric models, we exclude gluino masses below 195 \gev (95% C.L.), independent of the squark mass. For the case \msq \approx \mgls, gluino masses below 300 \gev are excluded.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Search for the Supersymmetric Partner of the Top-Quark in ppˉp \bar{p} Collisions at s=1.8TeV\sqrt{s} = 1.8 {\rm TeV}

We report on a search for the supersymmetric partner of the top quark (stop) produced in $t \bar{t}$ events using $110 {\rm pb}^{-1}$ of $p \bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 1.8 {\rm TeV}$ recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. In the case of a light stop squark, the decay of the top quark into stop plus the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) could have a significant branching ratio. The observed events are consistent with Standard Model $t \bar{t}$ production and decay. Hence, we set limits on the branching ratio of the top quark decaying into stop plus LSP, excluding branching ratios above 45% for a LSP mass up to 40 {\rm GeV/c}$^{2}$.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure