Numerical Control Machine Data Manual

Numerical Control Machine Data Manual provides programmers with specific information for various types and sizes of numerical control machine tools and auxiliary equipment

Manufacturing contamination prevention handbook

Manufacturing management discipline handbook concerning contamination prevention may present principles and guidelines which can be adopted for industrial and commercial manufacturer usage. Contamination prevention program is categorized into three basic aspects: initial prevention; control of amount of unpreventable contamination; and detection and elimination of remaining contamination

Quantum-Classical Correspondence of Dynamical Observables, Quantization and the Time of Arrival Correspondence Problem

We raise the problem of constructing quantum observables that have classical counterparts without quantization. Specifically we seek to define and motivate a solution to the quantum-classical correspondence problem independent from quantization and discuss the general insufficiency of prescriptive quantization, particularly the Weyl quantization. We demonstrate our points by constructing time of arrival operators without quantization and from these recover their classical counterparts

Duality Invariant Actions and Generalised Geometry

We construct the non-linear realisation of the semi-direct product of E(11) and its first fundamental representation at lowest order and appropriate to spacetime dimensions four to seven. This leads to a non-linear realisation of the duality groups and introduces fields that depend on a generalised space which possess a generalised vielbein. We focus on the part of the generalised space on which the duality groups alone act and construct an invariant action.Comment: 59 pages (typos fixed and added comments

A Vast Thin Plane of Co-rotating Dwarf Galaxies Orbiting the Andromeda Galaxy

Dwarf satellite galaxies are thought to be the remnants of the population of primordial structures that coalesced to form giant galaxies like the Milky Way. An early analysis noted that dwarf galaxies may not be isotropically distributed around our Galaxy, as several are correlated with streams of HI emission, and possibly form co-planar groups. These suspicions are supported by recent analyses, and it has been claimed that the apparently planar distribution of satellites is not predicted within standard cosmology, and cannot simply represent a memory of past coherent accretion. However, other studies dispute this conclusion. Here we report the existence (99.998% significance) of a planar sub-group of satellites in the Andromeda galaxy, comprising approximately 50% of the population. The structure is vast: at least 400 kpc in diameter, but also extremely thin, with a perpendicular scatter <14.1 kpc (99% confidence). Radial velocity measurements reveal that the satellites in this structure have the same sense of rotation about their host. This finding shows conclusively that substantial numbers of dwarf satellite galaxies share the same dynamical orbital properties and direction of angular momentum, a new insight for our understanding of the origin of these most dark matter dominated of galaxies. Intriguingly, the plane we identify is approximately aligned with the pole of the Milky Way's disk and is co-planar with the Milky Way to Andromeda position vector. The existence of such extensive coherent kinematic structures within the halos of massive galaxies is a fact that must be explained within the framework of galaxy formation and cosmology.Comment: Published in the 3rd Jan 2013 issue of Nature. 19 pages, 4 figures, 1 three-dimensional interactive figure. To view and manipulate the 3-D figure, an Adobe Reader browser plug-in is required; alternatively save to disk and view with Adobe Reade

The stellar halo of the Galaxy

Stellar halos may hold some of the best preserved fossils of the formation history of galaxies. They are a natural product of the merging processes that probably take place during the assembly of a galaxy, and hence may well be the most ubiquitous component of galaxies, independently of their Hubble type. This review focuses on our current understanding of the spatial structure, the kinematics and chemistry of halo stars in the Milky Way. In recent years, we have experienced a change in paradigm thanks to the discovery of large amounts of substructure, especially in the outer halo. I discuss the implications of the currently available observational constraints and fold them into several possible formation scenarios. Unraveling the formation of the Galactic halo will be possible in the near future through a combination of large wide field photometric and spectroscopic surveys, and especially in the era of Gaia.Comment: 46 pages, 16 figures. References updated and some minor changes. Full-resolution version available at http://www.astro.rug.nl/~ahelmi/stellar-halo-review.pd

Measurements of daily energy intake and total energy expenditure in people with dementia in care homes: the use of wearable technology.

Objectives: To estimate daily total energy expenditure (TEE) using a physical activity monitor, combined with dietary assessment of energy intake to assess the relationship between daily energy expenditure and patterns of activity with energy intake in people with dementia living in care homes. Design and setting: A cross-sectional study in care homes in the UK. Participants: Twenty residents with confirmed dementia diagnosis were recruited from two care homes that specialised in dementia care. Measurements: A physical activity monitor (Sensewear TM Armband , Body Media, Pittsburgh, PA) was employed to objectively determine total energy expenditure, sleep duration and physical activity. The armband was placed around the left upper triceps for up to 7 days. Energy intake was determined by weighing all food and drink items over 4 days (3 weekdays and 1 weekend day) including measurements of food wastage. Results: The mean age was 78.7 (SD ± 11.8) years, Body Mass Index (BMI) 23.0 (SD ± 4.2) kg/m2 ; 50% were women. Energy intake (mean 7.4; SD ± 2.6) MJ/d) was correlated with TEE (mean 7.6; SD ± 1.8 MJ/d; r=0.49, p<0.05). Duration of sleeping ranged from 0.4-12.5 (mean 6.1) hrs/d and time spent lying down was 1.3-16.0 (8.3) hrs/d. On average residents spent 17.9 (6.3-23.4) hrs/d undertaking sedentary activity. TEE was correlated with BMI (r=0.52, p<0.05) and body weight (r=0.81, p<0.001) but inversely related to sleep duration (r=-0.59, p<0.01) and time lying down (r=-0.62, p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that after taking BMI, sleep duration and time spent lying down into account, TEE was no longer correlated with energy intake. Conclusions: The results show the extent to which body mass, variable activity and sleep patterns may be contributing to TEE and together with reduced energy intake, energy requirements were not satisfied. Thus wearable technology has the potential to offer real-time monitoring to provide appropriate nutrition management that is more person-centred to prevent weight loss in dementi

Predicting the Electron Requirement for Carbon Fixation in Seas and Oceans

Marine phytoplankton account for about 50% of all global net primary productivity (NPP). Active fluorometry, mainly Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf), has been advocated as means of providing high resolution estimates of NPP. However, not measuring CO2-fixation directly, FRRf instead provides photosynthetic quantum efficiency estimates from which electron transfer rates (ETR) and ultimately CO2-fixation rates can be derived. Consequently, conversions of ETRs to CO2-fixation requires knowledge of the electron requirement for carbon fixation (Φe,C, ETR/CO2 uptake rate) and its dependence on environmental gradients. Such knowledge is critical for large scale implementation of active fluorescence to better characterise CO2-uptake. Here we examine the variability of experimentally determined Φe,C values in relation to key environmental variables with the aim of developing new working algorithms for the calculation of Φe,C from environmental variables. Coincident FRRf and 14C-uptake and environmental data from 14 studies covering 12 marine regions were analysed via a meta-analytical, non-parametric, multivariate approach. Combining all studies, Φe,C varied between 1.15 and 54.2 mol e- (mol C)-1 with a mean of 10.9±6.91 mol e- mol C)-1. Although variability of Φe,C was related to environmental gradients at global scales, region-specific analyses provided far improved predictive capability. However, use of regional Φe,C algorithms requires objective means of defining regions of interest, which remains challenging. Considering individual studies and specific small-scale regions, temperature, nutrient and light availability were correlated with Φe,C albeit to varying degrees and depending on the study/region and the composition of the extant phytoplankton community. At the level of large biogeographic regions and distinct water masses, Φe,C was related to nutrient availability, chlorophyll, as well as temperature and/or salinity in most regions, while light availability was also important in Baltic Sea and shelf waters. The novel Φe,C algorithms provide a major step forward for widespread fluorometry-based NPP estimates and highlight the need for further studying the natural variability of Φe,C to verify and develop algorithms with improved accuracy. © 2013 Lawrenz et al

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Bone mineral density enhances use of clinical risk factors in predicting ten-year risk of osteoporotic fractures in Chinese men: the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study

This prospective study aimed to determine the risk factors and the 10-year probability of osteoporotic fracture in Southern Chinese men. The findings show substantial population differences in fracture incidence and risk prediction compared to the FRAX TM model, and the addition of BMD information to clinical risk factor assessment improved fracture risk prediction in Chinese men. Introduction: Clinical risk factors with or without bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are increasingly recognized as reliable predictors of fracture risk. Prospective data on fracture incidence in Asian men remain sparse. This prospective study aimed to determine the risk factors and the 10-year absolute fracture risk in Southern Chinese men. Methods: This is a part of the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study. One thousand eight hundred ten (1,810) community-dwelling, treatment-naive men aged 50 years or above were evaluated. Baseline demographic characteristics, clinical risk factors and BMD were recorded. Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fracture was calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The mean age of subjects was 68.0 ± 10.3 years. After a mean follow-up period of 3.5±2.9 years (range 1 to 14 years), 37 incident low-trauma fractures were recorded. The incidence for all osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures was 635/100,000 and 123/100,000 person-years, respectively. The most significant predictors of osteoporotic fracture were history of fall (RR 14.5), femoral neck BMD T-score < -2.5 (RR 13.8) and history of fracture (RR 4.4). Each SD reduction in BMD was associated with a 1.8 to 2.6-fold increase in fracture risk. Subjects with seven clinical risk factors and BMD T-score of -1 had an absolute 10-year risk of osteoporotic fracture of 8.9%, but this increased to 22.7% if they also had a femoral neck BMD T-score of -2.5. Conclusions: These findings show substantial population differences in fracture incidence and risk prediction. The addition of BMD information to clinical risk factor assessment improved fracture risk prediction in Chinese men. © 2011 The Author(s).published_or_final_versionSpringer Open Choice, 21 Feb 201