Antidepressant-like effects of an apolar extract and chow enriched with Nepeta cataria (catnip) in mice

Nepeta cataria (catnip) is a plant used in pet toys and to treat human diseases. Catnip has also been used in the treatment of some depressive disorders. In this paper, we studied the antidepressant, anxiogenic, and motor activity effects of acute and repeated feeding of chow enriched with 10% N. cataria leaves and the acute and repeated administration of apolar and polar extracts of N. cataria leaves in male mice. The results showed that repeated feeding and acute and repeated administration with the apolar extract reduced immobility in the behavioral despair test but did not alter elevated plus maze and open-field parameters. Acute feeding and the acute and repeated administration of the polar extracts of N. cataria leaves did not alter the behavior of mice. These data suggest that N. cataria has antidepressant properties. Moreover, this antidepressant activity was present in the apolar extract.CNP

Behavioral and biochemical effects of xylazine: possible interactions between central noradrenergic-dopaminergic systems

Alguns efeitos comportamentais e bioquímicos da xilazina foram estudados em ratos e camundongos. Os resultados mostraram que a xilazina: a) diminuiu a atividade geral de ratos e camundongos observados em campo-aberto; b) foi incapaz de produzir catatonia e suprimiu este comportamento induzido pelo haloperidol em camundongos; c) potencializou o comportamento estereotipado induzido pela apomorfina em ratos; d) aumentou os níveis cerebrais de noradrenalina, porem não alterou aqueles de dopamina. Estes resultados foram discutidos considerando-se ação da xilazina em sislemas noradrenérgicos centrais e da interação entre sistemas noradrenérgicos e dopaminérgicos centrais.Behavioral and biochemical effects of xylazine were studied both in rats and mice. The results showed that xylazine: a) decreased the general activity of rats and mice observed in an open field; b) was unable to produce catatonia and suppressed haloperidol-induced catatonia in mice; c) increased apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats; and d) increased brain noradrenaline without effect on brain dopamine levels. These results were discussed in the light of a possible interference of xylazine with brain noradrenergic system and, thus, with the dynamic interaction between noradrenergic-dopaminergic neurons within the Central Nervous System

Detecção da atividade da enzima carbapenemase em Enterobacteriaceae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa isoladas em clínicas veterinárias do Distrito Federal, Brasil

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal, 2014.O recente aparecimento de bactérias produtoras de enzimas carbapenemases representa um problema de saúde pública relacionado com a ineficiência no tratamento de infecções nosocomiais. Além do aumento de isolados humanos, muitas pesquisas apontam o crescente número de bactérias multirresistentes não somente em ambientes hospitalares, mas também em isolados de animais, ambientes e afluentes. Entretanto, estudos direcionados para o potencial zoonótico ainda são limitados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar cepas de Enterobacteriaceae e P. aeruginosa produtores de enzimas carbapenemases circulantes em ambientes veterinários. Foram isoladas 17 amostras provenientes de clínicas veterinárias e submetidas ao teste de difusão em disco com imipenem, ertapenem e meropenem. 11 cepas sugestivas da presença de carbapenemases, com halo ≤22 mm no antibiograma, foram submetidas ao Teste de Hodge Modificado. Todas as amostras foram negativas para o teste de Hodge Modificado. Apesar de não ter sido detectada fenotipicamente a expressão da enzima carbapenemase, a resistência aos carbapenêmicos pode estar relacionada a outro mecanismo de resistência adquirido. Portanto, considerando os crescentes relatos da disseminação de carbapenemases, em especial a KPC, o mapeamento das áreas onde bactérias multirresistentes estão presentes é vital para a elaboração de medidas de controle e manutenção da salubridade da população. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe recent emergence of bacteria producing carbapenemase enzyme represents a public health issue related to the inefficiency in the treatment of nosocomial infections. In addition to the increased human isolates, current studies indicate the increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria not only in hospital settings, but also present in isolates from animals, common areas and affluents. However, studies on the zoonotic potential are still limited. The aim of this study was to identify strains of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa producing carbapenemase enzymes in veterinary environments. 17 samples from veterinary clinics were isolated and examined through the disk diffusion test with imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem. 11 strains suggesting of the presence of carbapenemase with halo ≤ 22 mm on antibiograma were submitted to the modified Hodge test. All samples were negative for the modified Hodge test. Despite the expression of carbapenemase enzyme has not been phenotypically detected, the carbapenem resistance may be related to another mechanism of acquired resistance. Therefore, considering the increasing reports of the spread of carbapenemases, especially KPC, the mapping of areas where multidrug-resistant bacteria are present is vital for the development of control measures and maintenance of the population health

Determination of the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillata

Background: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of quantitative anesthetic potency and has become the standard index for the evaluation and comparison of volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary hospitals, as well as experimental models, especially in neuroscience. Few studies have evaluated the potency of the main volatile anesthetics in this species. This study aimed to determine the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in C. penicillata using the up-and-down method and to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four animals of undetermined age were used. All marmosets were healthy according to hematological and physical evaluation. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: ISOMAC and SEVOMAC. Each animal was induced to general anesthesia in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and sevoflurane at 7% in the SEVOMAC group or isoflurane at 5% in the ISOMAC. Upon reaching lateral decubitus, orotracheal intubation was performed. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane diluted in oxygen (0.8 L/min) using a non-rebreathing delivery system under spontaneous ventilation. As defined in the pilot study, the first animal from ISOMAC started the maintenance of anesthesia with 2.6% isoflurane, while the first animal in SEVOMAC received 4% sevoflurane. After finishing the instrumentation to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and rectal temperature, a 15-min wait to reach anesthetic equilibrium was allowed, and then an electrical noxious stimulation (50 mA and 50 Hz) was performed on the lateral aspect of the thigh (a faradic current of 3 consecutive single stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The animals' responses to the electrical stimulus were observed. The presence of a positive response (gross movement of the limbs, head, or vocalization) or a negative response (absence of gross movements) determined the increase or reduction, respectively, of the inhalation anesthetic concentration by 10% in the subsequent marmoset. The quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scale that measured the intensity of agitation, coughing, nausea, and vomiting. Physiological variables were recorded before (M0) and after (M1) applying the nociceptive stimulus. Isoflurane and sevoflurane MAC values in C. penicillata were 2.29 ± 0.10% and 3.93 ± 0.61 % respectively. Physiological parameters, quality of anesthetic induction and recovery did not differ significantly between groups. However, isoflurane caused irritation of the airway and ocular mucous membranes, more coughing episodes, and tearing at induction. There was no difference between groups for time to extubation and recovery time to regain sternal position. Discussion: Previous studies in primates found lower MAC values for both anesthetics, except for Lemur catta. Those findings may be explained by the use of different nociceptive stimuli and the MAC determination method employed, although no differences in MAC values have been described between bracketing or up-and-down methods in human primates and dogs. It is unlikely that the stimulus and technique alone are the determining factors for the high concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane observed in the present study since MAC was high with both halogenates, indicating that dose extrapolation from other species can lead to the wrong anesthetic dosage. Keywords: Callithrix penicillata, marmoset, isoflurane, sevoflurane, minimum alveolar concentration (MAC).Background: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of quantitative anesthetic potency and has become the standard index for the evaluation and comparison of volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary hospitals, as well as experimental models, especially in neuroscience. Few studies have evaluated the potency of the main volatile anesthetics in this species. This study aimed to determine the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in C. penicillata using the up-and-down method and to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four animals of undetermined age were used. All marmosets were healthy according to hematological and physical evaluation. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: ISOMAC and SEVOMAC. Each animal was induced to general anesthesia in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and sevoflurane at 7% in the SEVOMAC group or isoflurane at 5% in the ISOMAC. Upon reaching lateral decubitus, orotracheal intubation was performed. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane diluted in oxygen (0.8 L/min) using a non-rebreathing delivery system under spontaneous ventilation. As defined in the pilot study, the first animal from ISOMAC started the maintenance of anesthesia with 2.6% isoflurane, while the first animal in SEVOMAC received 4% sevoflurane. After finishing the instrumentation to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and rectal temperature, a 15-minute wait to reach anesthetic equilibrium was allowed, and then an electrical noxious stimulation (50 mA and 50 Hz) was performed on the lateral aspect of the thigh (a faradic current of 3 consecutive single stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The animals' responses to the electrical stimulus were observed. The presence of a positive response (gross movement of the limbs, head, or vocalization) or a negative response (absence of gross movements) determined the increase or reduction, respectively, of the inhalation anesthetic concentration by 10% in the subsequent marmoset. The quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scale that measured the intensity of agitation, coughing, nausea, and vomiting. Physiological variables were recorded before (M0) and after (M1) applying the nociceptive stimulus. Isoflurane and sevoflurane MAC values in C. penicillata were 2.29 ± 0.10% and 3.93 ± 0.61% respectively. Physiological parameters, quality of anesthetic induction and recovery did not differ significantly between groups. However, isoflurane caused irritation of the airway and ocular mucous membranes, more coughing episodes, and tearing at induction. There was no difference between groups for time to extubation and recovery time to regain sternal position. Discussion: Previous studies in primates found lower MAC values for both anesthetics, except for Lemur catta. Those findings may be explained by the use of different nociceptive stimuli and the MAC determination method employed, although no differences in MAC values have been described between bracketing or up-and-down methods in human primates and dogs. It is unlikely that the stimulus and technique alone are the determining factors for the high concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane observed in the present study since MAC was high with both halogenates, indicating that dose extrapolation from other species can lead to the wrong anesthetic dosage

Efeitos comportamentais e bioquímicos da xilazina: possíveis interações entre os sistemas noradrenérgico e dopaminérgico centrais

Alguns efeitos comportamentais e bioquímicos da xilazina foram estudados em ratos e camundongos. Os resultados mostraram que a xilazina: a) diminuiu a atividade geral de ratos e camundongos observados em campo-aberto; b) foi incapaz de produzir catatonia e suprimiu este comportamento induzido pelo haloperidol em camundongos; c) potencializou o comportamento estereotipado induzido pela apomorfina em ratos; d) aumentou os níveis cerebrais de noradrenalina, porem não alterou aqueles de dopamina. Estes resultados foram discutidos considerando-se ação da xilazina em sislemas noradrenérgicos centrais e da interação entre sistemas noradrenérgicos e dopaminérgicos centrais

Relato de Caso: Anestesia Intravenosa Parcial associada a anestesia inalatória e anestesia local em canino submetido a amputação de membro torácico

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Curitibanos. Medicina Veterinária.Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Passo Fundo (HV-UPF) no dia 19 de janeiro de 2022, um canino, raça beagle, 1 ano, pesando 15 kg com histórico de atropelamento. O animal chegou e foi imediatamente atendido na emergência no HV. Foi constatado fratura exposta, sangramento ativo e grave laceração do membro torácico direito, foi colocado bandagem compressiva e feita a estabilização do animal. Seis dias depois, o animal foi submetido a amputação do membro torácico direito. O animal apresentava-se agressivo na gaiola da internação então administrou-se diazepam 0,2 mg/kg e fentanil 2,5 mcg/kg pela via IV e logo em seguida metadona 0,3 mg/kg e cetamina 1 mg/kg por via IM, como medicação pré-anestésica. A indução foi realizada com propofol 3 mg/kg IV. O animal foi mantido com infusão contínua de fentanil na dose de 0,5 mcg/ml, lidocaína 2 mg/ml e cetamina 0,6 mg/ml (FLK), na taxa inicial de 1 ml/kg/h, e anestesia inalatória com isofluorano ao efeito. No trans-cirúrgico foi feito bloqueio local diretamente no nervo axilar e radial. O fármaco utilizado para bloqueio foi bupivacaína 0,5 % na dose de 0,15 ml/kg. Foram monitorados FC, FR, Spo2, EtCO2, PAS e temperatura esofágica, sendo avaliados a cada 5 minutos. O animal apresentou elevação de FC e FR, o qual respondeu ao aumento da taxa de infusão dos fármacos. A utilização de IC de lidocaína, fentanil e cetamina no presente relato demonstrou ser uma alternativa eficaz para a analgesia trans-operatória

Electrocution in a Sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - Clinical and Surgical Approach

Background: High voltage electric shock causes serious injury to the body, which can lead to a fatal condition. Sloths are commonly the target of this type of accident and factors such as the degree of tissue impairment and late medical care can contribute to the death of the animal or the indication of euthanasia. In this way, the present This study aims to describe the treatment strategies in Choloepus didactylus victim of high voltage electrocution. Case: A female sloth weighing 6.15 kg was treated at the Wild Animals Sector of the Veterinary Hospital (SAS-HV) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) victim of high voltage electric shock with burn on the right side, stomatitis, glossitis, lesions extensive and bullous lesions in the thoracic and pelvic limbs, in addition to an open fracture in the radioulnar joint of the left limb with signs of necrosis. After patient stabilization (fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, pain control, cleaning and wound dressing), the patient was admitted to the hospital. The main treatment strategies adopted were surgery, drug therapy, food and occupational therapy. The day after the patient's arrival, the amputation of the left thoracic limb was performed. On the third day of hospitalization, the right thoracic and pelvic limbs were also amputated, and on the tenth day, debridement of the right lateral face was performed. As for drug therapy, the following drugs were used postoperatively: ceftriaxone (40 mg/kg, BID, for 47 days), dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, BID, for 4 days), silymarin (15 mg/kg, BID, for 30 days), morphine (0.4 mg/kg, BID, for 14 days; 0.8 mg/kg, SID, for 22 days) and dressing wounds on the lateral face and surgical stumps with ointment based on of collagenase with chloramphenicol. In food management, the animal had good acceptance of a mixture of fruits, vegetables and animal protein in a pasty presentation. The treatment by occupational therapy included basic care such as exercising, sunbathing, and desensitizing the surgical stumps (massage therapy). In conclusion, after five months, the therapeutic protocol implemented resulted in the clinical improvement of the animal, as it allowed the complete healing of the lesions on the face and surgical stumps. In addition, the care taken with the surgical stumps allowed the animal to use them as support for its locomotion. Discussion: Amputation and debridement surgeries were effective in treating electrocuted patients and should be considered when tissue is compromised, which justifies the surgical protocol adopted in this study. They were based on reports in humans, since in wild animals, although many are victims of this type of trauma, little is known about the appropriate therapeutic approach for each species. Surgical interventions associated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone were efficient for controlling the infection, since this antibiotic has a broad spectrum of activity, being used mainly in skin and soft tissue and/or bone infections, which justified its use in that patient. As for nutritional therapy, supplementation with animal protein may have contributed to the clinical improvement of the animal, since they are excellent components for tissue recovery in patients who suffered losses from burns caused by electric shocks. Stump desensitization is indicated as a treatment for neuropathic pain in amputees, and in the present study, it was essential for the animal to use the limb for locomotion. The exercises in a grassy area associated with sunbathing added as a stimulus to the patient's movement. Keywords: two-toed sloth, amputation, nutrition, rehabilitation. Título: Eletrocussão em Preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - abordagem clínica e cirúrgica Descritores: preguiça-de-dois-dedos, amputação, nutrição, reabilitação

Conduta anestésica em cão submetido a esplenectomia: relato de caso

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Curitibanos. Medicina Veterinária.No dia 02 de junho de 2021, no bloco cirúrgico do Hospital Veterinário Santa Vida unidade Palhoça (HVSV-Palhoça), foi realizada o procedimento cirúrgico de esplenectomia em um canino, macho, 38 quilogramas (kg) de peso corporal, 10 anos. O paciente foi levado ao hospital com a queixa de prostração e hiporexia, após exames foi confirmada a presença de uma estrutura em porção cranial de baço e hemorragia ativa, caracterizando o quadro como urgente e indicado a esplenectomia. O protocolo anestésico instituído foi de pré oxigenação, não aplicação de medicação pré-anestésica (MPA), indução com Fentanil e Propofol e a manutenção foi realizada com Isoflurano e infusão continua de Fentanil, Lidocaína e Cetamina. Foram monitorados frequência cardíaca (FC), Frequência respiratória (FR), estimativa da saturação de oxigénio arterial (SpO2), medida numérica do gás carbônico (CO2) expirado (EtCO2), e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS). No transoperatório o animal apresentou hipotensão e elevação da FC, sendo assim, foi administrado Efedrina e infusão contínua de Norepinefrina. Após o procedimento foram aplicadas Cefalotina, Metadona e Maloxicam. Durante a internação se fez necessário a infusão analgésica de Lidocaína por 12 horas e o paciente recebeu alta dois dias após procedimento. A utilização do protocolo anestésico descrito anteriormente apresentou-se eficaz para o procedimento realizado

Avaliação da toxicidade pré-natal : estudo de teratogenicidade (segmento II) da oleuropeina em ratos Wistar

A Olea europaea pertence à família das Oleaceas, e é uma planta conhecida mundialmente pela produção de azeite. E a oleuropeina é o principal constituinte da Oliveira (Olea europaea). Seus benefícios como sua atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante, anticancerígena, sua eficácia no tratamento de doenças crônicas como alterações cardiovasculares e diabetes, vêm sendo estudada há muitas décadas por cientistas do mundo inteiro. Considerando-se escassos os dados disponíveis sobre a toxicidade do uso da oleuropeina em fêmeas gestantes, este trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação da toxicidade pré-natal em ratas Wistar e detecção de possíveis malformações externas e alterações esqueléticas na progênie exposta durante a fase da organogênese. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: G1 (oleuropeina 500mg/kg-1), G2 (oleuropeina 1000mg/kg-1), G3 (oleuropeina 2000mg/kg-1) e GC (controle). As fêmeas foram tratadas por gavagem, com auxílio de sonda orogástrica, do 6º ao 15º dia de gestação, conforme segmento II, recomendados pela Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2001) e Food and Drug Administration (1994). Durante a gestação, as progenitoras foram monitoradas quanto às alterações de massa corporal relativa, consumo de água e ração. No 21º dia de gestação, as fêmeas foram eutanasiadas para avaliação reprodutiva, teratogênica e de variáveis sistêmicas. Os fetos foram avaliados quanto à embriotoxicidade e à presença de malformações externas e alterações esqueléticas. Os resultados demonstraram que apesar de não terem apresentado diarréia, piloereção, tremores, hemorragias ou outras alterações sistêmicas, o grupo que recebeu 2000 mg/kg-1 demonstrou um grau de toxicidade materna. Não foram detectadas alterações teratogênicas, nem malformações externas nos fetos avaliados, no entanto, ficou evidente que os animais tratados com oleuropeina apresentaram aumento significativo de alterações esqueléticas sugestivas de retardo de desenvolvimento ósseo. Diante dos resultados encontrados pode-se concluir que o uso de oleuropeina na fase de organogênese em progenitoras de ratos Wistar, pode provocar um retardo no desenvolvimento ósseo dos fetos. Além de apresentar um potencial de toxicicidade materna na dose de 2000 mg/kg-1. Frente aos resultados obtidos com o presente trabalho, é recomendado cautela no uso de oleuropeina nas doses de 500 a 2000mg/kg em fêmeas no período de gestação.Olea europaea belongs to the Oleaceas family, is a plant known worldwide for the production of olive oil and oleuropein is the main constituent of Oliveira (Olea europaea). Its benefits such as its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activity, effectiveness on treatment of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and diabetes, have been studied for many decades by scientists worldwide. Considering the lack of available data on the toxicity of the use of oleuropein in pregnant females, this study aims to assess prenatal toxicity in Wistar rats and detect possible external malformations and skeletal changes in the progeny exposed during the phase of organogenesis. The animals were divided into four experimental groups: G1 (oleuropein 500mg / kg-1), G2 (oleuropein 1000mg / kg-1), G3 (oleuropein 2000mg / kg-1) and CG (control). The females were treated by gavage, with the aid of an orogastric tube, from the 6th to the 15th day of pregnancy, according to segment II, recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2001) and Food and Drug Administration (1994). During pregnancy, parents were monitored for changes in relative body mass, water consumption and feed. On the 21st day of pregnancy, the females were euthanized for reproductive, teratogenic and systemic variables evaluation. The fetuses were evaluated for embryotoxicity and for the presence of external malformations and skeletal changes. The results showed that despite not having diarrhea, piloerection, tremors, hemorrhages or other systemic changes, the group that received 2000 mg / kg-1 demonstrated a degree of maternal toxicity. No teratogenic changes or external malformations were detected in the evaluated fetuses; However, it was evident that animals treated with oleuropein showed a significant increase in skeletal changes suggestive of delayed bone development. In view of the results found, it can be concluded that the use of oleuropein in the organogenesis phase in progenitors of Wistar rats, may cause a delay in the bone development of fetuses. In addition to presenting a potential for maternal toxicity at a dose of 2000 mg / kg-1. Based on the results obtained with the present study, caution is recommended in the use of oleuropein in doses between 500 to 2000mg / kg in females during pregnancy