Tecnologias de ordenação escolar no século XIX Currículo e método intuitivo nas escolas primárias norte-americanas (1860-1880)

Este artigo consiste em um estudo sobre a construção do currículo da escola primária nos Estados Unidos e sobre a adoção do método intuitivo nesse país, no período de 1860 a 1880. Tomando como fontes de pesquisa os primeiros programas de ensino e os principais manuais de lições de coisas em circulação na época, o texto examina a renovação pedagógica norte-americana que serviu de referência para outros países. A configuração curricular e o método intuitivo são analisados considerando suas implicações para a institucionalização da escola primária, particularmente o modelo de escola graduada; eles também são analisados como tecnologias de governo – práticas racionais de controle de professores e alunos e de controle do ensino e da aprendizagem

Los líderes en las pantallas: un comparación cinematográfica entre Mussolini, Franco y Vargas

A través del análisis de los noticiarios producidos durante el Fascismo, el Franquismo y el Estado Nuevo de Brasil realizamos una comparación entre las figuras de Mussolini, Franco y Vargas en el cine, analizando como fue construido el mito del gran líder en las pantallas.Through the analysis of the news produced during Fascism, Francoism and the Estado Novo in Brazil make a comparison between the figures of Mussolini, Franco and Vargas in film, as it was constructed analyzing the myth of leading large screens

Path Dependence in public policies: a case study of anti-poverty policies in Mexico, Brazil and Peru

Resumen Especialmente después de 1990, se ha constatado una cierta homogeneidade en las políticas de combate a la pobreza en América Latina. Los estúdios han mostrado que estas políticas han tenido Buenos resultados. Este escrito estudia la evolución detallada de estos programas de mitigación de la pobreza en México, Brasil y Perú. Estos países representan el esquema de todos los programas de la región. Se estudia especialmente la metodología utilizada en los tres países a través de los condicionantes que se imponen a los beneficiarios para la transferencia de recursos, con el concepto que llamamos “path dependence” como un proceso de aprendizaje

A systematic revision of the South American freshwater stingrays (chondrichthyes: potamotrygonidae) (batoidei, myliobatiformes, phylogeny, biogeography)

Three genera are recognized in the family Potamotrygonidae of neotropical freshwater stingrays: Potamotrygon, Paratrygon, and Plesiotrygon, the latter being described as a new genus. Potamotrygon is polytypic, and both Paratrygon and Plesiotrygon are monotypic, as far as known. The family name Potamotrygonidae has priority over Paratrygonidae Gill. Nineteen previously described species of Potamotrygonidae are recognized: Paratrygon aiereba, Potamotrygon brachyura, P. castexi, P. constellata, P. dumerilii, P. falkneri, P. henlei, P. histrix, P. humerosa, P. leopoldi, P. magdalenae, P. motoro, P. ocellata, P. orbignyi, P. schroederi, P. schuemacheri, P. scobina, P. signata, and P. yepezi. One additional specific name is established as new (Plesiotrygon iwamae). Three of the eighteen recognized species of Potamotrygon are resurrected from synonymy (P. dumerilii, P. henlei, and P. orbignyi), one previously overlooked subspecific name (Trygon histrix ocellata) is erected to specific rank, and one previously overlooked specific name (Taeniura constellata) is placed in the genus Potamotrygon, and treated as a senior synonym of P. circularis. The remaining names previously assigned to the Potamotrygonidae include: eight junior synonyms (Disceus thayeri, Potamotrygon brumi, P. circularis, P. laticeps, P. menchacai, Trygon mulleri, T. reticulatus, and T. strogylopterus), five doubtful names (Elipesurus spinicauda, Potamotrygon africana, P. alba, P. humboldtii, and Trygon garrapa), two invalid names (Potamotrygon labratoris and P. pauckei), two doubtful names corresponding to one unidentified marine species of the family Dasyatididae (Raja ajereba and R. orbicularis), and one freshwater species of Dasyatis (D. garouaensis) originally described in the genus Potamotrygon. Potamotrygon and Paratrygon are regarded as sister groups, and Plesiotrygon as the primitive potamotrygonid genus, based on a cladistic analysis of stingray characters. Plesiotrygon is restricted to the upper Amazon drainage, and Paratrygon is known from most of the Amazon drainage, occurring also in Rio Orinoco. Eleven species of Potamotrygon have Amazonian distribution (including Rio Tocantins), four of which occur also in other drainages. Four species of Potamotrygon are apparently endemic to Rio Paraguay and lower Rio Parana drainages (P. brachyura, P. falkneri, P. histrix, and P. schuemacheri); P. yepezi is endemic to the Maracaibo basin in Venezuela; P. magdalenae is endemic to Rio Magdalena and Rio Atrato drainages in Colombia, and P. signata is apparently endemic to Rio Parna(\u27)iba drainage in Brazil

New records for the benthic marine flora of Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean)

Nuevas citas para la fl ora bentónica marina de las Islas Chafarinas (Mar de Alborán, Mediterráneo occidental