Plant and leaf responses to cycles of water stress and re-watering of 'Sangiovese' grapevine

Abstract The complex relationship between water and grapevine has been examined in several studies. The aim of this study was to understand the impact of water stress on photosynthesis, carbon-13 discrimination in leaves in different positions on the shoot, and the capacity of vines to recover from different levels of water stress intensity. The vine physiological responses to a water stress regimen followed by re-watering for two consecutive cycles was evaluated using potted 'Sangiovese' grapevines. The intensity and the duration of the water limitation affected the emergence and development of new leaves, but did not significantly affect leaf water potential. Leaf stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation during the first water-stress phase were reduced respectively by about 61% and 20%, while after the second water stress cycle both were lower than the initial values by 77% and 21%, respectively. After 1 day of re-watering, only the leaves located in the medial positions on the shoot showed a partial recovery of photosynthesis. After at least 2 days post-re-watering, the leaves located in the distal portion of the shoot showed a recovery of photosynthetic capacity. The results indicated that leaf position along the shoot, i.e., an indicator of leaf age, is an important variable in developing grapevine strategies in response to conditions of limited water availability

Effects of limited irrigation water volumes on near-isohydric ‘Montepulciano’ vines trained to overhead trellis system

The thermal increase, due to the changed climatic context, is leading to marked variations in the yield and quality of the grapes and causing an increase in the use of water resources in several viticultural areas. Nevertheless, in some environments, rainfalls are scarce and there is no water availability. In this study, we compared the impact of low water irrigation volumes (DI, replacement of 70% of crop evapotranspiration) with respect to non-irrigated vines (NI), on the physiological, yield and qualitative performances of near-isohydric variety ‘Montepulciano’, trained to overhead trellis system, which requires a high-water supply. The stomatal conductance and photosynthesis values, in basal and median leaves, were higher in DI vines. All NI leaves sufered water stress, showing in the youngest leaves (position 20 and 25 along the main shoot) higher carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) (− 25.38‰ and 25–25.77‰, respectively). At harvest, DI vines showed yield higher of 30% and 33% than NI vines in 2005 and 2006, respectively, and 18% in 2007. In environments with prolonged water shortage and low water resource, near-isohydric ‘Montepulciano’ vines, trained to overhead trellis system and irrigated with limited volumes, determined a signifcant improvement of ‘vineyard efciency’ with a yield of 19.2 t/ha with respect to 13.4 t/ha of NI vines, ensuring also more sugar content (+31%), anthocyanin concentration (+13%) and polyphenolic substances (+8%) than NI vines

Effects of shading nets as a form of adaptation to climate change on grapes production: a review

Viticulture worldwide is threatened by the environmental modification caused by climate change. Higher temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration determine an acceleration of the ripening process, which can be detrimental to wine quality. Hence, adaptation and mitigation strategies are necessary to reduce heat and water stress and improve the qualitative production levels. Amongst all the various techniques available, shading nets represent an interesting alternative for their effects on canopy microclimate and grape production. However, these effects vary strongly depending on the intensity of the shading treatment, the timing of its application, environmental conditions, and differences in cultivar response. The reduction in photosynthetic activity can improve water use efficiency and slow down the ripening process, preserving must acidity. Phenolic compounds, which benefit from light exposure for their synthesis, are negatively affected by shading, while aromatic composition can be improved by it. Vine reserve accumulation is reduced by the lower photoassimilates production. Photoselective nets, thanks to their colour, not only reduce light intensity but also change the quality of the light spectrum reaching the canopy, thus, determining specific responses in the plants

Pluralism: Discourses, Schisms, Criticism, and Influences

Indonesia has witnessed that the slogan of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is a slogan that suits its plural society. Everything related to this nation, then, must be seen from the perspective of pluralism

Vegetative development and berry growth in relation to heat accumulation in Sangiovese vines subjected to double pruning at three different times

The double pruning on Sangiovese based on pre-pruning and finishing in March, April and May applied over three years, induced a postponement of phenological phases, with repercussions on the vine vegetative and berry growth trends, with greater effects, according to the delay in the time of hand follow up during the season. The phenological development, the canopy and berry growth of Sangiovese, subjected to the three different finishing dates for the final pruning, were recorded during three years (2014-2016) and related to day of the year (DOY) and seasonal heat accumulation (growing degree days, GDD). A sigmoid growth model with high coefficient determination (R2 between 0.96 and 0.99), described shoot elongation and herbaceous berry growth, showing a temporal and thermal shift according to the finishing times. Despite the chronological delay, the vines revealed similar thermal necessities. Leaf area evolution of April and May finished vines showed 2 steps: a slow initial development followed by a rapid growth phase (91- 97cm2/GDD) beginning when shoots reached 7–10 leaves. GDD allowed to obtain simple models of vegetative development and berry growth of Sangiovese vines based on thermal evolution

Detection of genetic diversity among clones of cv. Fortana (Vitis vinifera L.) by microsatellite DNA polymorphism analysis

Allelic polymorphism at 6 microsatellite loci was analyzed in 5 clones of cv. Fortana, which had been divided into two morphological groups (CAB 2, CAB 13, CAB 14, and CAB 1, CAB 3, respectively) by discriminant multivariate analysis of leaf traits. Of the 6 microsatellite loci, 5 (VVS1, VVS2, VVS4, VVMD3, VVMD6) showed polymorphism between clones and one (VVMD7) gave identical DNA profiles. Two genotypic patterns were found: clones CAB 2: CAB 13 and CAB 14 appeared identical and distinct from clones CAB 1 and CAB 3, but all of them shared at least one of the two alleles for each locus, thus showing a certain degree of genetic relatedness. The slight morphological differences of the two Fortana clone groups could thus be related to the diversity of their genotypic profiles. Thus, the two clone groups may have originated not via vegetative propagation of a single individual but from seedlings, parents or siblings of this progenitor. The present investigation supports the assumptions of the polyclonal origin of cv. Fortana and concludes that the strict definition of cultivar, which admits of clonal origin only, is not altogether adequate for the old varieties of unknown origin. The Italian term ''vitigno'' and the French ''cepage'', which do not imply genetic uniformity, would appear more appropriate than cultivar to indicate a winegrape variety

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varietal assortment and evolution in the Marche region (central Italy)

14openInternationalItalian coauthor/editorItaly is one of the richest countries in terms of grapevine varietal assortment, and the Marche region in central Italy has an ancient winegrowing tradition. Increasing interest in autochthonous grapevine varieties prompted efforts to recover and identify local minor germplasm also in this region, and to search for pedigree relationships and determine the evolution of varietal assortment. In the present study this was done using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers and SNP markers from the Vitis18kSNP chip. Eighteen new genotypes were found, of which seventeen belonged to well-known, less known and even unknown vines found to be specific to the Marche region. The rearranged pedigree highlighted the complex intertwining relationships between Marche varieties. Second-degree relationships were also derived. Some minor Marche varieties have increased the number of parent-offspring related members of Garganega, Sangiovese, Crepolino/Visparola and Sciaccarello, which are varieties already recognised as founders or recurrent parents of many Italian cultivars. Crepolino/Visparola was shown to be a key variety in the evolution of the Marche varietal assortment, having played the role of parent and grandparent, as explained by the presence of this genotype in the region in ancient times. Surprisingly, Semidano, a well-known Sardinian variety, played a clear role as parent or grandparent of three minor Marche varieties, testifying to its presence in central Italy in ancient times. Incrocio Bruni 54 was confirmed as an offspring of Sauvignon and Verdicchio, as declared by the breeder. The parentage of Lacrima was completed: this variety was found to be a spontaneous cross between Nera Rada and Aleatico. A dendrogram of genetic similarity clearly resembled the groups defined with the pedigree reconstruction and it gave an indication of the genetic similarity of the varieties excluded from the strictest parentage links.openCrespan, Manna; Migliaro, Daniele; Larger, Simone; Pindo, Massimo; Palmisano, Massimo; Manni, Alvise; Manni, Elisa; Polidori, Enzo; Sbaffi, Francesco; Silvestri, Quintilio; Silvestroni, Oriana; Velasco, Riccardo; Virgili, Settimio; Camilli, GiuseppeCrespan, M.; Migliaro, D.; Larger, S.; Pindo, M.; Palmisano, M.; Manni, A.; Manni, E.; Polidori, E.; Sbaffi, F.; Silvestri, Q.; Silvestroni, O.; Velasco, R.; Virgili, S.; Camilli, G

Distinct transcriptome responses to water limitation in isohydric and anisohydric grapevine cultivars

Background: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important crop with a wide geographical distribution, reflecting its ability to grow successfully in a range of climates. However, many vineyards are located in regions with seasonal drought, and these are often predicted to be global climate change hotspots. Climate change affects the entire physiology of grapevine, with strong effects on yield, wine quality and typicity, making it difficult to produce berries of optimal enological quality and consistent stability over the forthcoming decades. Results: Here we investigated the reactions of two grapevine cultivars to water stress, the isohydric variety Montepulciano and the anisohydric variety Sangiovese, by examining physiological and molecular perturbations in the leaf and berry. A multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize the distinct stomatal behavior of the two cultivars and its impact on leaf and berry gene expression. Positive associations were found among the photosynthetic, physiological and transcriptional modifications, and candidate genes encoding master regulators of the water stress response were identified using an integrated approach based on the analysis of topological co-expression network properties. In particular, the genome-wide transcriptional study indicated that the isohydric behavior relies upon the following responses: i) faster transcriptome response after stress imposition; ii) faster abscisic acid-related gene modulation; iii) more rapid expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and iv) reversion of gene-expression profile at rewatering. Conversely, that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes, molecular chaperones and abiotic stress-related genes were induced earlier and more strongly in the anisohydric cultivar. Conclusions: Overall, the present work found original evidence of a molecular basis for the proposed classification between isohydric and anisohydric grapevine genotypes