Enhanced turbulence driven by mesoscale motions and flow-topography interaction in the Denmark Strait Overflow plume

The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) contributes roughly half to the total volume transport of the Nordic overflows. The overflow increases its volume by entraining ambient water as it descends into the subpolar North Atlantic, feeding into the deep branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. In June 2012, a multiplatform experiment was carried out in the DSO plume on the continental slope off Greenland (180 km downstream of the sill in Denmark Strait), to observe the variability associated with the entrainment of ambient waters into the DSO plume. In this study, we report on two high-dissipation events captured by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) by horizontal profiling in the interfacial layer between the DSO plume and the ambient water. Strong dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy of O( math formula) W kg−1 was associated with enhanced small-scale temperature variance at wavelengths between 0.05 and 500 m as deduced from a fast-response thermistor. Isotherm displacement slope spectra reveal a wave number-dependence characteristic of turbulence in the inertial-convective subrange ( math formula) at wavelengths between 0.14 and 100 m. The first event captured by the AUV was transient, and occurred near the edge of a bottom-intensified energetic eddy. Our observations imply that both horizontal advection of warm water and vertical mixing of it into the plume are eddy-driven and go hand in hand in entraining ambient water into the DSO plume. The second event was found to be a stationary feature on the upstream side of a topographic elevation located in the plume pathway. Flow-topography interaction is suggested to drive the intense mixing at this site

Wenn Karten reden könnten: Ein kulturhistorischer Blick auf alte Karten und Pläne Hoyerswerdas und der Lausitz

Wie sah Hoyerswerda während der Industrialisierung aus? Welche Veränderungen hat die Lausitz in den letzten 300 Jahren erlebt? Alte Karten faszinieren nicht nur viele Menschen – sie sind auch immer öfter ganz einfach digital zugänglich. Was oft fehlt, um eine Karte wirklich zu verstehen, ist der so wichtige Kontext. Um die vielen alten Karten und Pläne der Region verstehen zu können, bietet diese Publikation nicht nur eine große Zahl von Hinweisen, sondern liefert auch sozial- und kulturgeschichtliche Hintergründe, die in vielen verschiedenen Ansätzen gemeinsam mit Studentinnen interdisziplinär erarbeitet wurden.:Einleitung Marcel Steller: Woher kommen Karten? Seite 5 Sandra Flöter: Historischer Abriss der Landesaufnahme, Seite 8 Teil I: Karten und Bedeutung Marcel Steller: Kartosemiotik, Seite 10 Marcel Steller: Niederländer in Hoyerswerda – die Schule der Kartographen, Seite 13 Marcel Steller: Hoyerswerda in der DDR – der ideologische Plan, Seite 16 Marcel Steller: Die Stadt im Netz – das Erbe Harry Becks, Seite 18 Magdalena Schaffer: Damerau und die archäologische Kartierung – Spurensuche auf Karten der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Seite 20 Lena Friedek: Nomen est Omen – Von der Bezeichnung unserer Ortschaften, Seite 24 Teil II: Karten und Umgebung Sandra Flöter: Die Region und ihre Identitäten, Seite 27 Nienke Tesselaar: Die Fischteiche der Lausitz, Seite 29 Marcel Steller: Immer auf Achse: Reisen und Verkehrskarten, Seite 32 Marcel Steller: Der Fluchtlinienplan von 1892, Seite 38 Marcel Steller: Der Bebauungsplan von 1907, Seite 40 Sandra Flöter: Wirtschafts- und Landschaftsveränderung in der Region, Seite 44 Teil III: Karten und Vergleich 115 Jahre – ein Vergleich, Seite 46 Die Guteborner Heide, Seite 48 Der Flächennutzungsplan von 1952, Seite 50 Literaturverzeichnis, Seite 52 Abbildungs- und Inventarverzeichnis, Seite 55What did Hoyerswerda look like during industrialisation? What changes has Lusatia experienced over the last 300 years? Old maps do fascinate many people - they are also increasingly easy accessible digitally. What is often missing to really understand a map is the all-important context. In order to understand the many old maps and plans of the Lusatia region, this publication not only offers a large number of references. It also provides background information on social and cultural history of the region. This research work was compiled in an interdisciplinary framework with many different approaches together with students.:Einleitung Marcel Steller: Woher kommen Karten? Seite 5 Sandra Flöter: Historischer Abriss der Landesaufnahme, Seite 8 Teil I: Karten und Bedeutung Marcel Steller: Kartosemiotik, Seite 10 Marcel Steller: Niederländer in Hoyerswerda – die Schule der Kartographen, Seite 13 Marcel Steller: Hoyerswerda in der DDR – der ideologische Plan, Seite 16 Marcel Steller: Die Stadt im Netz – das Erbe Harry Becks, Seite 18 Magdalena Schaffer: Damerau und die archäologische Kartierung – Spurensuche auf Karten der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Seite 20 Lena Friedek: Nomen est Omen – Von der Bezeichnung unserer Ortschaften, Seite 24 Teil II: Karten und Umgebung Sandra Flöter: Die Region und ihre Identitäten, Seite 27 Nienke Tesselaar: Die Fischteiche der Lausitz, Seite 29 Marcel Steller: Immer auf Achse: Reisen und Verkehrskarten, Seite 32 Marcel Steller: Der Fluchtlinienplan von 1892, Seite 38 Marcel Steller: Der Bebauungsplan von 1907, Seite 40 Sandra Flöter: Wirtschafts- und Landschaftsveränderung in der Region, Seite 44 Teil III: Karten und Vergleich 115 Jahre – ein Vergleich, Seite 46 Die Guteborner Heide, Seite 48 Der Flächennutzungsplan von 1952, Seite 50 Literaturverzeichnis, Seite 52 Abbildungs- und Inventarverzeichnis, Seite 5

Evapotranspiration Rates of Three Sweet Corn Cultivars under Different Irrigation Levels

Understanding plants’ response to different irrigation levels is essential for developing effective irrigation scheduling practices that conserve water without affecting plant growth and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of three sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) cultivars 1170, 8021, and Battalion under three irrigation levels (50%, 75%, and 100%). Irrigation treatments were based on soil moisture management allowable depletion. Replicated trials were conducted, in an open field using 1-gal containers, at the Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL. A drip system with microsprinklers was used for irrigation. Daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) rates were measured using a digital scale based on differences in weights of soil containers and plants. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using the FAO-Penman-Monteith equation. Crop-coefficient (Kc) values for the three cultivars were calculated from measured ETc and calculated ETo. In addition, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and fresh biomass were measured. Total irrigation amounts corresponding to the 50%, 75%, and 100% treatments were 116, 162, and 216 mm, and total ETc values were 128, 157, and 170 mm, respectively. The two deficit irrigation treatments (50% and 75%) resulted in a reduction of ETc for the three cultivars compared with the 100% irrigation treatments. Results also showed that under 75% and 100% treatments, Kc values were usually greater than 1 for the three cultivars and reached as high as 1.5. Additionally, leaf area and fresh biomass weight in the 50% treatment were mostly lower than in the 75% or 100% treatments

The Disulfide Stress Response and Protein S-thioallylation Caused by Allicin and Diallyl Polysulfanes in Bacillus subtilis as Revealed by Transcriptomics and Proteomics

Garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) produce antimicrobial compounds, such as diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) and diallyl polysulfanes. Here, we investigated the transcriptome and protein S-thioallylomes under allicin and diallyl tetrasulfane (DAS4) exposure in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Allicin and DAS4 caused a similar thiol-specific oxidative stress response, protein and DNA damage as revealed by the induction of the OhrR, PerR, Spx, YodB, CatR, HypR, AdhR, HxlR, LexA, CymR, CtsR, and HrcA regulons in the transcriptome. At the proteome level, we identified, in total, 108 S-thioallylated proteins under allicin and/or DAS4 stress. The S-thioallylome includes enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin (SrfAA, SrfAB), amino acids (SerA, MetE, YxjG, YitJ, CysJ, GlnA, YwaA), nucleotides (PurB, PurC, PyrAB, GuaB), translation factors (EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G), antioxidant enzymes (AhpC, MsrB), as well as redox-sensitive MarR/OhrR and DUF24-family regulators (OhrR, HypR, YodB, CatR). Growth phenotype analysis revealed that the low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol, as well as the OhrR, Spx, and HypR regulons, confer protection against allicin and DAS4 stress. Altogether, we show here that allicin and DAS4 cause a strong oxidative, disulfide and sulfur stress response in the transcriptome and widespread S-thioallylation of redox-sensitive proteins in B. subtilis. The results further reveal that allicin and polysulfanes have similar modes of actions and thiol-reactivities and modify a similar set of redox-sensitive proteins by S-thioallylation

<i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>Transcriptome Architecture:From Laboratory to Infection-Mimicking Conditions

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen that colonizes about 20% of the human population. Intriguingly, this Gram-positive bacterium can survive and thrive under a wide range of different conditions, both inside and outside the human body. Here, we investigated the transcriptional adaptation of S. aureus HG001, a derivative of strain NCTC 8325, across experimental conditions ranging from optimal growth in vitro to intracellular growth in host cells. These data establish an extensive repertoire of transcription units and non-coding RNAs, a classification of 1412 promoters according to their dependence on the RNA polymerase sigma factors SigA or SigB, and allow identification of new potential targets for several known transcription factors. In particular, this study revealed a relatively low abundance of antisense RNAs in S. aureus, where they overlap only 6% of the coding genes, and only 19 antisense RNAs not co-transcribed with other genes were found. Promoter analysis and comparison with Bacillus subtilis links the small number of antisense RNAs to a less profound impact of alternative sigma factors in S. aureus. Furthermore, we revealed that Rho-dependent transcription termination suppresses pervasive antisense transcription, presumably originating from abundant spurious transcription initiation in this A+T-rich genome, which would otherwise affect expression of the overlapped genes. In summary, our study provides genome-wide information on transcriptional regulation and non-coding RNAs in S. aureus as well as new insights into the biological function of Rho and the implications of spurious transcription in bacteria

Quantitative Bias in Illumina TruSeq and a Novel Post Amplification Barcoding Strategy for Multiplexed DNA and Small RNA Deep Sequencing

Here we demonstrate a method for unbiased multiplexed deep sequencing of RNA and DNA libraries using a novel, efficient and adaptable barcoding strategy called Post Amplification Ligation-Mediated (PALM). PALM barcoding is performed as the very last step of library preparation, eliminating a potential barcode-induced bias and allowing the flexibility to synthesize as many barcodes as needed. We sequenced PALM barcoded micro RNA (miRNA) and DNA reference samples and evaluated the quantitative barcode-induced bias in comparison to the same reference samples prepared using the Illumina TruSeq barcoding strategy. The Illumina TruSeq small RNA strategy introduces the barcode during the PCR step using differentially barcoded primers, while the TruSeq DNA strategy introduces the barcode before the PCR step by ligation of differentially barcoded adaptors. Results show virtually no bias between the differentially barcoded miRNA and DNA samples, both for the PALM and the TruSeq sample preparation methods. We also multiplexed miRNA reference samples using a pre-PCR barcode ligation. This barcoding strategy results in significant bias

Double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, using a nitric oxide releasing patch: PATHON

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Diabetes Mellitus constitutes one of the most important public health problems due to its high prevalence and enormous social and economic consequences. Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and constitute the most important cause of non-traumatic amputation of inferior limbs. It is estimated that 15% of the diabetic population will develop an ulcer sometime in their lives. Although novel therapies have been proposed, there is no effective treatment for this pathology. Naturally produced nitric oxide participates in the wound healing process by stimulating the synthesis of collagen, triggering the release of chemotactic cytokines, increasing blood vessels permeability, promoting angiogenic activity, stimulating the release of epidermical growth factors, and by interfering with the bacterial mitochondrial respiratory chain. Topically administered nitric oxide has demonstrated to be effective and safe for the treatment of chronic ulcers secondary to cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, due to their unstable nitric oxide release, the topical donors needed to be applied frequently, diminishing the adherence to the treatment. This difficulty has led to the development of a multilayer polymeric transdermal patch produced by electrospinning technique that guarantees a constant nitric oxide release. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this novel nitric oxide releasing wound dressing for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.</p> <p>Methods and design</p> <p>A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, including 100 diabetic patients was designed. At the time of enrollment, a complete medical evaluation and laboratory tests will be performed, and those patients who meet the inclusion criteria randomly assigned to one of two groups. Over the course of 90 days group 1 will receive active patches and group 2 placebo patches. The patients will be seen by the research group at least every two weeks until the healing of the ulcer or the end of the treatment. During each visit the healing process of the ulcer, the patient's health status and the presence of adverse events will be assessed. Should the effectiveness of the patches be demonstrated an alternative treatment would then be available to patients.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>NCT00428727.</p

Dawn and Dusk Set States of the Circadian Oscillator in Sprouting Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Seedlings

The plant circadian clock is an internal timekeeper that coordinates biological processes with daily changes in the external environment. The transcript levels of clock genes, which oscillate to control circadian outputs, were examined during early seedling development in barley (Hordeum vulgare), a model for temperate cereal crops. Oscillations of clock gene transcript levels do not occur in barley seedlings grown in darkness or constant light but were observed with day-night cycles. A dark-to-light transition influenced transcript levels of some clock genes but triggered only weak oscillations of gene expression, whereas a light-to-dark transition triggered robust oscillations. Single light pulses of 6, 12 or 18 hours induced robust oscillations. The light-to-dark transition was the primary determinant of the timing of subsequent peaks of clock gene expression. After the light-to-dark transition the timing of peak transcript levels of clock gene also varied depending on the length of the preceding light pulse. Thus, a single photoperiod can trigger initiation of photoperiod-dependent circadian rhythms in barley seedlings. Photoperiod-specific rhythms of clock gene expression were observed in two week old barley plants. Changing the timing of dusk altered clock gene expression patterns within a single day, showing that alteration of circadian oscillator behaviour is amongst the most rapid molecular responses to changing photoperiod in barley. A barley EARLY FLOWERING3 mutant, which exhibits rapid photoperiod–insensitive flowering behaviour, does not establish clock rhythms in response to a single photoperiod. The data presented show that dawn and dusk cues are important signals for setting the state of the circadian oscillator during early development of barley and that the circadian oscillator of barley exhibits photoperiod-dependent oscillation states