Des bibliothèques populaires à la lecture publique

Les changements politiques et socioculturels amènent au xixe siècle une demande croissante de lecture, qu’elle soit instructive ou récréative. Les bibliothèques dites « populaires » sont alors mises en place pour tenter de répondre à ces besoins. Trop laïques pour certains, trop cléricales pour d’autres, trop « populaires » enfin, leur histoire a fait l’objet d’un profond oubli pendant la longue première moitié du xxe siècle. Qui étaient les lecteurs de la France rurale, comment les publics cohabitaient-ils, pourquoi le service de prêt de livres s’est-il progressivement répandu, comment les autorités considéraient-elles ces nouvelles institutions… ? Pour la première fois, dans la continuité des travaux de Noë Richter puis du colloque, en 1984, porté par la Bibliothèque des Amis de l’Instruction du IIIe arrondissement de Paris, cette nouvelle étude scientifique rend compte de ce corpus méconnu des bibliothèques. À la fois analyse historique approfondie et investigations sociologiques sur les publics, à partir de l’examen des archives de plusieurs établissements français, cet ouvrage explore la naissance et le développement des bibliothèques dites populaires en Belgique et en Grande-Bretagne et présente une déclinaison de ce type d’établissement dans l’Argentine d’aujourd’hui. À l’heure des interrogations sur l’évolution du modèle des bibliothèques publiques, des questionnements sur leur rôle social, cet ouvrage, dirigé par Agnès Sandras, historienne et conservatrice des bibliothèques à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, rassemble les contributions d’auteurs de tous horizons (historiens, sociologues, personnels scientifiques des bibliothèques, doctorants et chercheurs confirmés…), en posant les jalons d’une recherche sur la généalogie de la lecture publique contemporaine

Punica granatum L.

Ce mémoire fait le point des connaissances actuelles sur le grenadier. Connue depuis la nuit des temps, la grenade est toujours un fruit apprécié. Après avoir rappelé l'histoire de ce fruit à travers les civilisations, l'auteur, dans une première partie, donne une description détaillée des différentes parties de la plante, en particulier les drogues végétales qui en sont issues. Dans une deuxième partie, sont présentées les données bibliographiques concernant la composition chimique des parties médicinales de la plante. La troisième partie est consacrée à un rappel sur les activités anthelmintiques de l'écorce de racine et se focalise sur les activités plus récemment développées concernant la grenade qui renferme des polyphénols, tanins et anthocyanes aux propriétés antiradicalaires.TOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Centrale (315552105) / SudocTOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Allées (315552109) / SudocSudocFranceF

Iron−Molybdenum Charge-Transfer Hybrids Containing Organometallic and Inorganic Fragments Bridged by Aryldiazenido Ligands in a μ-η6:η1 Coordination Mode: Syntheses, Characterization, X-ray Structures, Electrochemistry, and Theoretical Investigation

International audienceRepresentative members of a new family of covalently bonded charge-transfer molecular hybrids, of general formula [(η5-C5H5)Fe(μ,η6:η1-p-RC6H4NN)Mo(η2-S2CNEt2)3] +PF6- (R: H, 5+PF6-; Me, 6+PF6-; MeO, 7+PF6-) and [(η5-C5Me5)Fe(μ,η6:η1-C6H5NN)Mo(η2-S2CNEt2)3]+PF6-, 8+PF6-, have been synthesized by reaction of the corresponding mixed-sandwich organometallic hydrazines [(η5-C5H5)Fe(η6-p-RC6H4NHNH2)]+PF6- (R: H, 1+PF6-; Me, 2+PF6-; MeO, 3+PF6-) and [(η5-C5Me5)Fe(η6-C6H5NHNH2)]+PF6-, 4+PF6-, with cis-dioxomolybdenum(VI) bis(diethyldithiocarbamato) complex, [MoO2(S2CNEt2)2], in the presence of sodium diethyldithiocarbamato trihydrate, NaSC(S)NEt2*3H2O, in refluxing methanol. These iron−molybdenum complexes consist of organometallic and inorganic fragments linked each other through a π-conjugated aryldiazenido bridge coordinated in η6 and η1 modes, respectively. These complexes were fully characterized by FT-IR, UV−visible, and 1H NMR spectroscopies and, in the case of complex 7+PF6-, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Likewise, the electrochemical and solvatochromic properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry and UV−visible spectroscopy, respectively. The electronic spectra of these hybrids show an absorption band in the 462−489 and 447−470 nm regions in CH2Cl2 and DMSO, respectively, indicating the existence of a charge-transfer transition from the inorganic donor to the organometallic acceptor fragments through the aryldiazenido spacer. A rationalization of the properties of 5+PF6-−8+PF6- is provided through DFT calculations on a simplified model of 7+PF6-. Besides the heterodinuclear complexes 5+PF6-−8+PF6-, the mononuclear molybdenum diazenido derivatives, [(η1-p-RC6H4NN)Mo(η2-S2CNEt2)3] (R: H, 9; Me, 10; MeO, 11), resulting from the decoordination of the [(η5-C5H5)Fe]+ moiety of complexes 5+PF6-−7+PF6-, were also isolated. For comparative studies, the crystalline and molecular structure of complex 10*Et2O was also determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and its electronic structure computed

Data from: Spatial scale and intraspecific trait variability mediate assembly rules in alpine grasslands

Assembly of grassland communities has long been scrutinized through the lens of functional diversity. Studies generally point to an overwhelming influence of climate on observed patterns of functional diversity, despite experimental evidence demonstrating the importance of biotic interactions. We postulate that this is because most observational studies neglect both scale dependencies of assembly processes and phenotypic variation between individuals. Here, we test for changes in the importance of abiotic filtering and biotic interactions along a stress gradient by explicitly accounting for different scales. In addition to quantifying intraspecific trait variability (ITV), we also vary the two components of spatial scale, including grain (i.e. community size) and extent (i.e. the geographical area that defines the species pool). We sampled 20 grassland communities in ten sites distributed along a 975-m elevation gradient. At each site, we measured seven functional traits for a total of 2020 individuals at different spatial grains. We related community functional diversity metrics to the main environmental gradient of our study area, growing season length (GSL), and assessed the dependence of these relationships on spatial grain, spatial extent and ITV. At large spatial grain and extent, the imprint of environmental filtering on functional diversity became more important with increasing stress (i.e. functional diversity decreased with shorter GSL). At small spatial grain and extent, we found a convex relationship between functional diversity and GSL congruent with the hypothesis that competition is dominant at low-stress levels while facilitative interactions are dominant at high-stress levels (i.e. high functional diversity at both extremes of the stress gradient). Importantly, the effect of intraspecific variability on assembly rules was noticeable only at small spatial grain and extent. Synthesis. Our study reveals how the combination of abiotic stress and biotic interactions shapes the functional diversity of alpine grasslands at different spatial scales, and highlights the importance of phenotype variation between individuals for community assembly processes at fine spatial scale. Our results suggest that studies analysing trait-based assembly rules but ignoring ITV and focusing on a single spatial scale are likely to miss essential features of community diversity patterns

Diversity metric (SES and rank) against predictors

The file contains the data used to construct the linear model. It contains: the standard effect size of the multi-trait functional diversity (SES), its rank, the associated growing season length (scaled), the site and community identifiers, the scale at which it was sampled and the extent of the null model (0: site, 1: landscape

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label Trial

International audienceBackground: The antiviral efficacy of remdesivir is still controversial. We aimed at evaluating its clinical effectiveness in patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen and/or ventilator support.Methods: In this European multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial in adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy, NCT04315948; EudraCT2020-000936-23), participants were randomly allocated to receive usual standard of care alone or in combination with intravenous remdesivir (200 mg on day 1, then 100 mg once-daily for 9 days or until discharge). Treatment assignation was performed via web-based randomisation stratified on illness severity and administrative European region. The primary outcome was the clinical status at day 15 measured by the WHO 7-point ordinal scale, assessed in the intention-to-treat population.Findings: Between March 22nd, 2020 and January 21st, 2021, 857 participants were randomised to one of the two arms in 5 European countries and 832 participants were included for the evaluation of remdesivir (control, n=418; remdesivir, n=414). There was no difference in the clinical status neither at day 15 between treatment groups (OR for remdesivir, 0.98, 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.25, P=0.85) nor at day 29. The proportion of deaths at day 28 was not significantly different between control (8.9%) and remdesivir (8.2%) treatment groups (OR for remdesivir, 0.93 95%CI 0.57 to 1.52, P=0.77). There was also no difference on SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics (effect of remdesivir on viral load slope, -0.004 log10 cp/10,000 cells/day, 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.02, P=0.75). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of Serious Adverse Events between treatment groups.Interpretation: The use of remdesivir for the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 was not associated with clinical improvement at day 15 or day 29, nor with a reduction in mortality, nor with a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA

Remdesivir for the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID-19: final results from the DisCoVeRy randomised, controlled, open-label trial

Background The antiviral efficacy of remdesivir is still controversial. We aimed at evaluating its clinical effectiveness in hospitalised patients with COVID-19, with indication of oxygen and/or ventilator support. Following prior publication of preliminary results, here we present the final results after completion of data monitoring. Methods In this European multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial (DisCoVeRy, NCT04315948 ; EudraCT2020-000936-23), participants were randomly allocated to receive usual standard of care (SoC) alone or in combination with remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir and IFN-β-1a, or hydroxychloroquine. Adult patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were eligible if they had clinical evidence of hypoxemic pneumonia, or required oxygen supplementation. Exclusion criteria included elevated liver enzyme, severe chronic kidney disease, any contra-indication to one of the studied treatments or their use in the 29 days before randomization, or use of ribavirin, as well as pregnancy or breast-feeding. Here, we report results for remdesivir + SoC versus SoC alone. Remdesivir was administered as 200 mg infusion on day 1, followed by once daily infusions of 100 mg up to 9 days, for a total duration of 10 days. It could be stopped after 5 days if the participant was discharged. Treatment assignation was performed via web-based block randomisation stratified on illness severity and administrative European region. The primary outcome was the clinical status at day 15 measured by the WHO 7-point ordinal scale, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Findings Between March 22 nd , 2020 and January 21 st , 2021, 857 participants were randomised to one of the two arms in 5 European countries and 843 participants were included for the evaluation of remdesivir (control, n=423; remdesivir, n=420). At day 15, the distribution of the WHO ordinal scale was as follow in the remdesivir and control groups, respectively: Not hospitalized, no limitations on activities: 62/420 (14.8%) and 72/423 (17.0%); Not hospitalized, limitation on activities: 126/420 (30%) and 135/423 (31.9%); Hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen: 56/420 (13.3%) and 31/423 (7.3%); Hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen: 75/420 (17.9%) and 65/423 (15.4%); Hospitalized, on non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen devices: 16/420 (3.8%) and 16/423 (3.8%); Hospitalized, on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO: 64/420 (15.2%) and 80/423 (18.9%); Death: 21/420 (5%) and 24/423 (5.7%). The difference between treatment groups was not statistically significant (OR for remdesivir, 1.02, 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.70, P=0.93). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of Serious Adverse Events between treatment groups (remdesivir, n=147/410, 35.9%, versus control, n=138/423, 32.6%, p=0.29). Interpretation Remdesivir use for the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 was not associated with clinical improvement at day 15. Funding European Union Commission, French Ministry of Health, DIM One Health Île-de-France, REACTing, Fonds Erasme-COVID-ULB; Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE), AGMT gGmbH, FEDER “European Regional Development Fund”, Portugal Ministry of Health, Portugal Agency for Clinical Research and Biomedical Innovation. Remdesivir was provided free of charge by Gilead