265 research outputs found
Emergence dâune spĂ©cialitĂ© scientifique dans lâespace - La rĂ©paration de lâADN
International audienceIn the study of science, the specialty is seen as the ideal level of analysis to understand the genesis and development of scientific communities. This article uses bibliometric data to analyze the emergence of DNA repair by testing a hybrid method to identify the specialtyâs appearance in geographical space by focusing on the geographical trajectories of the pioneers in this field. We try to identify the professional mobility of researchers using these bibliometric data, and if possible to highlight the structural networks of places during the emergence stage of the specialty. These networks determine places as much as they are built by individual trajectories. In this way, we try to make a place for the geography of science in the field of social studies of science.Dans lâĂ©tude des sciences, la spĂ©cialitĂ© est perçue comme le niveau dâanalyse idĂ©al pour comprendre la genĂšse et le dĂ©veloppement des collectifs scientifiques. Cet article utilise des donnĂ©es bibliomĂ©triques pour analyser lâĂ©mergence de la RĂ©paration de lâADN en expĂ©rimentant une mĂ©thode mixte pour repĂ©rer son apparition dans lâespace gĂ©ographique. En nous concentrant sur les trajectoires gĂ©ographiques de pionniers dans cedomaine, nous tĂąchons de repĂ©rer leur mobilitĂ© professionnelle Ă lâaide de donnĂ©es bibliomĂ©triques dans la perspective de mettre en Ă©vidence les rĂ©seaux de lieux structurants dans la phase dâĂ©mergence de la spĂ©cialitĂ©. Ces rĂ©seaux de lieux dĂ©terminent autant quâils sont construits par les trajectoires individuelles. Nous essayons ainsi de faire une place Ă la gĂ©ographie des sciences dans le domaine des Ă©tudes sociales des sciences
The plant WEE1 kinase is involved in checkpoint control activation in nematode-induced galls
Galls induced by plantâparasitic nematodes involve a hyperactivation of the plant mitotic and endocycle machinery for their profit. Dedifferentiation of host root cells includes drastic cellular and molecular readjustments. In such background, potential DNA damage in the genome of gall cells is eminent.
We questioned if DNA damage checkpoints activation followed by DNA repair occurred, or was eventually circumvented, in nematodeâinduced galls.
Galls display transcriptional activation of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase WEE1, correlated with its protein localization in the nuclei. The promoter of the stress marker gene SMR7 was evaluated under the WEE1âknockout background. Drugs inducing DNA damage and a marker for DNA repair, PARP1 were used to understand mechanisms that might cope with DNA damage in galls.
Our functional study revealed that gall cells lacking WEE1 conceivably entered mitosis prematurely disturbing the cell cycle despite the loss of genome integrity. The disrupted nuclei phenotype in giant cells hinted to the accumulation of mitotic defects. As well, WEE1âknockout in Arabidopsis and downregulation in tomato repressed infection and reproduction of rootâknot nematodes. Together with data on DNA damaging drugs, we suggest a conserved function for WEE1 controlling a G1/S cell cycle arrest in response to replication defect in galls
Why donât patients take their analgesics? A meta-ethnography assessing the perceptions of medication adherence in patients with osteoarthritis
Introduction/objectives: Whilst analgesics and medications have demonstrated efficacy for people with osteoarthritis, their effectiveness is dependent on adherence. This has previously been reported as particularly low in this population. The purpose of this meta-ethnography was to explore possible perceptions for this. Method: A systematic review of published and unpublished literature was undertaken. All qualitative studies assessing the attitudes or perceptions of people with osteoarthritis towards medication adherence were eligible. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative tool. Analysis was undertaken using a meta-ethnography approach, distilling to a third order construct and developing a line of argument. Results: From 881 citations, five studies met the eligibility criteria. The meta-ethnography generated a model where medication adherence for people with osteoarthritis is perceived as a balance between the willingness or preference to take medications with the alterative being toleration of symptoms. Motivators to influence this âbalanceâ may fluctuate and change over time but include: severity of symptoms, education and understanding of osteoarthritis and current medications, or general health which may raise issues for poly-pharmacy as other medications are added or substituted into the patientâs formulary. Conclusions: Medicine adherence in people with osteoarthritis is complex, involving motivators which will fluctuate in impact on individuals at different points along the disease progression. Awareness of each motivator may better inform clinicians as to what education, support or change in prescription practice should be adopted to ensure that medicine adherence is individualised to better promote long-term behaviour change
Esophageal and tracheobronchial foreign bodies in infants and children
In an effort to improve the diagnosis and management of children with aspiration or ingestion of foreign bodies we reviewed 100 consecutive cases of esophageal (49) or tracheobronchial (51) foreign bodies occurring over a 6-year period. While the incidence of positive physical findings in the esophageal group was low, the combination of plain and contrast radiography was positive in 96% (47/49). Of the patients with tracheobronchial foreign body, 78% (40/51) had lateralizing signs on physical examination and 80% (41/51) had abnormal inspiratory/expiratory radiographs. Disimpaction of esophageal foreign bodies was carried out using a combination of techniques with 100% success and no complications. All cases of tracheobronchial foreign bodies were managed with the rigid bronchoscope with 98% success (50/51) using a variety of instruments. Complications secondary to the foreign body itself rather than its management were seen in 9 patients, and were often due to a delay in diagnosis. A careful history and physical examination along with appropriate radiographic studies will result in a correct diagnosis in virtually all cases of esophageal and tracheobronchial foreign bodies. A liberal indication for endoscopy using an approach tailored to the particular case will almost always be successful.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47159/1/383_2004_Article_BF00175647.pd
Spin-Gap Proximity Effect Mechanism of High Temperature Superconductivity
When holes are doped into an antiferromagnetic insulator they form a slowly
fluctuating array of ``topological defects'' (metallic stripes) in which the
motion of the holes exhibits a self-organized quasi one-dimensional electronic
character. The accompanying lateral confinement of the intervening
Mott-insulating regions induces a spin gap or pseudogap in the environment of
the stripes. We present a theory of underdoped high temperature superconductors
and show that there is a {\it local} separation of spin and charge, and that
the mobile holes on an individual stripe acquire a spin gap via pair hopping
between the stripe and its environment; i.e. via a magnetic analog of the usual
superconducting proximity effect. In this way a high pairing scale without a
large mass renormalization is established despite the strong Coulomb repulsion
between the holes. Thus the {\it mechanism} of pairing is the generation of a
spin gap in spatially-confined {\it Mott-insulating} regions of the material in
the proximity of the metallic stripes. At non-vanishing stripe densities,
Josephson coupling between stripes produces a dimensional crossover to a state
with long-range superconducting phase coherence. This picture is established by
obtaining exact and well-controlled approximate solutions of a model of a
one-dimensional electron gas in an active environment. An extended discussion
of the experimental evidence supporting the relevance of these results to the
cuprate superconductors is given.Comment: 30 pages, 2 figure
Dynamical Boson Stars
The idea of stable, localized bundles of energy has strong appeal as a model
for particles. In the 1950s John Wheeler envisioned such bundles as smooth
configurations of electromagnetic energy that he called {\em geons}, but none
were found. Instead, particle-like solutions were found in the late 1960s with
the addition of a scalar field, and these were given the name {\em boson
stars}. Since then, boson stars find use in a wide variety of models as sources
of dark matter, as black hole mimickers, in simple models of binary systems,
and as a tool in finding black holes in higher dimensions with only a single
killing vector. We discuss important varieties of boson stars, their dynamic
properties, and some of their uses, concentrating on recent efforts.Comment: 79 pages, 25 figures, invited review for Living Reviews in
Relativity; major revision in 201
3D Real-Time Echocardiography Combined with Mini Pressure Wire Generate Reliable Pressure-Volume Loops in Small Hearts
BACKGROUND:
Pressure-volume loops (PVL) provide vital information regarding ventricular performance and pathophysiology in cardiac disease. Unfortunately, acquisition of PVL by conductance technology is not feasible in neonates and small children due to the available human catheter size and resulting invasiveness. The aim of the study was to validate the accuracy of PVL in small hearts using volume data obtained by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and simultaneously acquired pressure data.
METHODS:
In 17 piglets (weight range: 3.6â8.0 kg) left ventricular PVL were generated by 3DE and simultaneous recordings of ventricular pressure using a mini pressure wire (PVL3D). PVL3D were compared to conductance catheter measurements (PVLCond) under various hemodynamic conditions (baseline, alpha-adrenergic stimulation with phenylephrine, beta-adrenoreceptor-blockage using esmolol). In order to validate the accuracy of 3D volumetric data, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was performed in another 8 piglets.
RESULTS:
Correlation between CMR- and 3DE-derived volumes was good (enddiastolic volume: mean bias -0.03ml ±1.34ml). Computation of PVL3D in small hearts was feasible and comparable to results obtained by conductance technology. Bland-Altman analysis showed a low bias between PVL3D and PVLCond. Systolic and diastolic parameters were closely associated (Intraclass-Correlation Coefficient for: systolic myocardial elastance 0.95, arterial elastance 0.93, diastolic relaxation constant tau 0.90, indexed end-diastolic volume 0.98). Hemodynamic changes under different conditions were well detected by both methods (ICC 0.82 to 0.98). Inter- and intra-observer coefficients of variation were below 5% for all parameters.
CONCLUSIONS:
PVL3D generated from 3DE combined with mini pressure wire represent a novel, feasible and reliable method to assess different hemodynamic conditions of cardiac function in hearts comparable to neonate and infant size. This methodology may be integrated into clinical practice and cardiac catheterization programs and has the capability to contribute to clinical decision making even in small hearts
The DNA Repair Gene APE1 T1349G Polymorphism and Risk of Gastric Cancer in a Chinese Population
Background: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) has a central role in the repair of apurinic apyrimidic sites through both its endonuclease and its phosphodiesterase activities. A common APE1 polymorphism, T1349G (rs3136820), was previously shown to be associated with the risk of cancers. Objective: We hypothesized that the APE1 T1349G polymorphism is also associated with risk of gastric cancer. Methods: In a hospital-based case-control study of 338 case patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer and 362 cancerfree controls frequency-matched by age and sex, we genotyped the T1349G polymorphism and assessed its associations with risk of gastric cancer. Results: Compared with the APE1 TT genotype, individuals with the variant TG/GG genotypes had a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer (odds ratio = 1.69, 95 % confidence interval = 1.19â2.40), which was more pronounced among subgroups of aged #60 years, male, ever smokers, and ever drinkers. Further analyses revealed that the variant genotypes were associated with an increased risk for diffuse-type, low depth of tumor infiltration (T1 and T2), and lymph node metastasis gastric cancer. Conclusions: The APE1 T1349G polymorphism may be a marker for the development of gastric cancer in the Chinese population. Larger studies are required to validate these findings in diverse populations
Profiling of metalloprotease activities in cerebrospinal fluids of patients with neoplastic meningitis
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