Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Dependência espacial da resistência do solo à penetração e do teor de água do solo sob cultivo contínuo de cana-de-açúcar Spatial variability of soil penetration resistance and soil moisture at different periods of sampling under sugarcane crop

O cultivo intensivo dos solos e a utilização de máquinas e equipamentos pesados promovem a compactação do solo. A resistência do solo à penetração é uma medida que detecta esta compactação, contudo ela é fortemente influenciada pelo teor de água no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do teor de água no solo na variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Uma área de 1ha cultivada há 40 anos com cana-de-açúcar foi amostrada nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha, com intervalos regulares de 10m, perfazendo um total de 100 pontos. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0,00-0,15m, 0,15-0,30m e 0,30-0,45m, 24 e 72 horas após uma chuva de 38mm. Resultados de resistência do solo à penetração indicaram um estado alto de compactação nas duas épocas de amostragem. O teor de água no solo afetou consideravelmente a variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração e quanto maior o teor de água menor foi a dependência espacial. A malha de amostragem deve ser mais adensada em relação à utilizada neste estudo quando o teor de água no solo for superior ao observado 72 horas após a chuva, a fim de se avaliar a variabilidade espacial para a resistência do solo à penetração.<br>The intensive cultivation of soil and the use of machines and equipment promote soil compaction. Soil penetration resistance is a measure that detects this compaction, nevertheless soil moisture influences hardly on soil penetration resistance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil moisture on the spatial variability of soil penetration resistance of an Oxisol. An area cultivated for 40 years with sugarcane was sampled in the crossing points of a regular grid, with 10 m intervals, comprising 100 points. Soil samples were collected at 0.00-0.15m, 0.15-0.30m and 0.30-0.45m depths, 24 and 72 hours after a 38mm precipitation. Soil penetration resistance values indicated that compaction was high at the two sampling periods. Soil moisture influenced the spatial variability of soil penetration resistance and a smaller spatial dependence was related to higher soil moistures. The grid used for the evaluation of soil penetration resistance variability must be closer than the one used for this study when the soil moisture is higher than the moisture observed 72 hours after the precipitation

Spatial variability of soil chemical properties after coffee tree removal Variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo após remoção de cafezal

Assessing the spatial variability of soil chemical properties has become an important aspect of soil management strategies with a view to higher crop yields with minimal environmental degradation. This study was carried out at the Centro Experimental of the Instituto Agronomico, in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The aim was to characterize the spatial variability of chemical properties of a Rhodic Hapludox on a recently bulldozer-cleaned area after over 30 years of coffee cultivation. Soil samples were collected in a 20 x 20 m grid with 36 sampling points across a 1 ha area in the layers 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m to measure the following chemical properties: pH, organic matter, K+, P, Ca2+, Mg2+, potential acidity, NH4-N, and NO3-N. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess the central tendency and dispersion moments. Geostatistical methods were applied to evaluate and to model the spatial variability of variables by calculating semivariograms and kriging interpolation. Spatial dependence patterns defined by spherical model adjusted semivariograms were made for all cited soil properties. Moderate to strong degrees of spatial dependence were found between 31 and 60 m. It was still possible to map soil spatial variability properties in the layers 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm after plant removal with bulldozers.<br>A avaliação da variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo tem se tornado importante ferramenta na determinação de estratégias de manejo que visam aumentar a produtividade agrícola com menor degradação ambiental. O presente trabalho foi realizado no Centro Experimental Central do Instituto Agronômico, localizado em Campinas/SP, com o objetivo de caracterizar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho após a remoção de um cafezal, cultivado por mais de 30 anos, com trator de esteira. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em grade georreferenciada de 20 x 20 m, totalizando 36 pontos nas camadas de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m, para determinação dos seguintes atributos químicos: pH, matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), K+, P, Ca2+, Mg2+, acidez potencial (H + Al), N-NH4 e N-NO3. A variabilidade espacial foi estudada utilizando-se a geoestatística, por meio da análise de semivariogramas e da interpolação por krigagem. Para todos os atributos estudados foi possível estabelecer uma estrutura de dependência espacial definida por um semivariograma ajustado a um modelo esférico. Foram encontradas dependências espaciais de moderada a forte, com valores de alcance variando de 31 a 60 m. Mesmo com a remoção das plantas com trator de esteira, foi possível mapear a variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo nas camadas de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m de profundidade