Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Fluconazole in 2 Groups of Males with Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus (hiv) Infection Compared with Those in a Group of Males Without Hiv-Infection

Fluconazole pharmacokinetics, including absolute bioavailability, were determined for one group of controls (n = 10) and two groups of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV infection (those with CD4(+) T-cell counts of less than [n = 4] or greater than [n = 9] 200 cells per mm(3)). Twenty subjects received four doses of fluconazole; three doses were oral (50, 100, and 400 mg), and one dose was intravenous (either 50, 100, or 400 mg). The other three subjects received one or two doses. The groups were comparable in terms of the weight, body mass index, and estimated creatinine clearance of the subjects, but the people with HIV infection were older. Pharmacokinetic parameters indicated linearity in all subjects; the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the maximum concentration increased in proportion to the dose. The fraction of an oral dose of fluconazole absorbed approximated unity in all three groups of subjects. The mean (+/- standard deviation) plasma clearance of fluconazole was lowest in the group of subjects with low CD4(+) T-cell counts; the value for this group was 0.74 +/- 0.19 liter/h, compared with 0.97 +/- 0.19 liter/h in the group with HIV infection and CD4(+) T-cell counts of greater than 200 cells/mm(3) and 1.18 a 0.23 liter/h in the group of control subjects (P < 0.05). The volume of distribution was lower in those with HIV infection (P = 0.04, corrected for weight). The half-life was longest in people with HIV infection and low CD4(+) T-cell counts (P = 0.01). This study has shown that some differences do exist between the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in people with HIV infection and those in noninfected controls

Altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends: Climate models versus observation

As a consequence of greenhouse forcing, all state of the art general circulation models predict a positive temperature trend that is greater for the troposphere than the surface. This predicted positive trend increases in value with altitude until it reaches a maximum ratio with respect to the surface of as much as 1.5 to 2.0 at about 200 to 400 hPa. However, the temperature trends from several independent observational data sets show decreasing as well as mostly negative values. This disparity indicates that the three models examined here fail to account for the effects of greenhouse forcings.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Human influence on the record-breaking cold event in January of 2016 in Eastern China

Anthropogenic influences are estimated to have reduced the likelihood of an extreme cold event in midwinter with the intensity equal to or stronger than the record of 2016 in eastern China by about two‐thirds

Anthropogenic warming has substantially increased the likelihood of July 2017-like heat waves over Central-Eastern China

Heat waves in Central-Eastern China like the record-breaking July 2017 event were rare in natural worlds, but have now become approximately one-in-five-year events due to anthropogenic forcings