Antioxidative Activity of Ferrocenes Bearing 2,6-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Moieties

The antioxidative activity of ferrocenes bearing either 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or phenyl groups has been compared using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) test and in the study of the in vitro impact on lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate and on some characteristics of rat liver mitochondria. The results of DPPH test at 20°C show that the activity depends strongly upon the presence of phenolic group but is improved by the influence of ferrocenyl fragment. The activity of N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)iminomethylferrocene (1), for instance, was 88.4%, which was higher than the activity of a known antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) (48.5%), whereas the activity of N-phenyl-iminomethylferrocene 2 was almost negligible −2.9%. The data obtained demonstrate that the compounds with 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol moiety are significantly more active than the corresponding phenyl analogues in the in vitro study of lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. Ferrocene 1 performs a promising behavior as an antioxidant and inhibits the calcium-dependent swelling of mitochondria. These results allow us to propose the potential cytoprotective (neuroprotective) effect of ditopic compounds containing antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol group and redox active ferrocene fragment

Mast Cells in Stress, Pain, Blood-Brain Barrier, Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s Disease

Mast cell activation plays an important role in stress-mediated disease pathogenesis. Chronic stress cause or exacerbate aging and age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. The severity of inflammatory diseases is worsened by the stress. Mast cell activation-dependent inflammatory mediators augment stress associated pain and neuroinflammation. Stress is the second most common trigger of headache due to mast cell activation. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disease that affects more women than men and woman’s increased susceptibility to chronic stress could increase the risk for AD. Modern life-related stress, social stress, isolation stress, restraint stress, early life stress are associated with an increased level of neurotoxic beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Stress increases cognitive dysfunction, generates amyloid precursor protein (APP), hyperphosphorylated tau, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and amyloid plaques (APs) in the brain. Stress-induced Aβ persists for years and generates APs even several years after the stress exposure. Stress activates hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus and in peripheral system, which increases the formation of Aβ, tau hyperphosphorylation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the brain. Mast cells are implicated in nociception and pain. Mast cells are the source and target of CRH and other neuropeptides that mediate neuroinflammation. Microglia express receptor for CRH that mediate neurodegeneration in AD. However, the exact mechanisms of how stress-mediated mast cell activation contribute to the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive. This mini-review highlights the possible role of stress and mast cell activation in neuroinflammation, BBB, and tight junction disruption and AD pathogenesis

The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Research via the DOI in this record.Data Availability. Genome-wide sequence data of two Botai individuals (BAM format) are available at the European Nucleotide Archive under the accession number PRJEB31152 (ERP113669). Eigenstrat format array genotype data of 763 present-day individuals and 1240K pulldown genotype data of two ancient Botai individuals are available at the Edmond data repository of the Max Planck Society (https://edmond.mpdl.mpg.de/imeji/collection/Aoh9c69DscnxSNjm?q=).The indigenous populations of inner Eurasia, a huge geographic region covering the central Eurasian steppe and the northern Eurasian taiga and tundra, harbor tremendous diversity in their genes, cultures and languages. In this study, we report novel genome-wide data for 763 individuals from Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. We furthermore report additional damage-reduced genome-wide data of two previously published individuals from the Eneolithic Botai culture in Kazakhstan (~5,400 BP). We find that present-day inner Eurasian populations are structured into three distinct admixture clines stretching between various western and eastern Eurasian ancestries, mirroring geography. The Botai and more recent ancient genomes from Siberia show a decrease in contribution from so-called “ancient North Eurasian” ancestry over time, detectable only in the northern-most “forest-tundra” cline. The intermediate “steppe-forest” cline descends from the Late Bronze Age steppe ancestries, while the “southern steppe” cline further to the South shows a strong West/South Asian influence. Ancient genomes suggest a northward spread of the southern steppe cline in Central Asia during the first millennium BC. Finally, the genetic structure of Caucasus populations highlights a role of the Caucasus Mountains as a barrier to gene flow and suggests a post-Neolithic gene flow into North Caucasus populations from the steppe.Max Planck SocietyEuropean Research Council (ERC)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)Russian Scientific FundNational Science FoundationU.S. National Institutes of HealthAllen Discovery CenterUniversity of OstravaCzech Ministry of EducationXiamen UniversityFundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesMES R

The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages

Как придать импульс развитию российской экономики: приоритеты действий (предложения к Основным направлениям деятельности Правительства РФ до 2024 г.)

This report was prepared by the staff of the Institute for Economic Forecast of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. It gives suggestions to implement priority measures to facilitate the transfer the Russian economy to the direction defined by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (est. May 7, 2018). The report also highlights priority directions of the economic policy, primarily in investment activity, development of the domestic market, as well as financial and organizational support for the suggested actions.В докладе, подготовленном сотрудниками Института народнохозяйственного прогнозирования РАН и Финансового университета при Правительстве Российской Федерации, представлены предложения по первоочередным мерам, способствующим переводу российской экономики на траекторию, определенную Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 07.05.2018. Выделены приоритетные направления  экономической политики, прежде всего, в инвестиционной деятельности, развитии внутреннего рынка, а также финансового и организационного обеспечения предлагаемых мер

Same data, different conclusions: Radical dispersion in empirical results when independent analysts operationalize and test the same hypothesis

In this crowdsourced initiative, independent analysts used the same dataset to test two hypotheses regarding the effects of scientists’ gender and professional status on verbosity during group meetings. Not only the analytic approach but also the operationalizations of key variables were left unconstrained and up to individual analysts. For instance, analysts could choose to operationalize status as job title, institutional ranking, citation counts, or some combination. To maximize transparency regarding the process by which analytic choices are made, the analysts used a platform we developed called DataExplained to justify both preferred and rejected analytic paths in real time. Analyses lacking sufficient detail, reproducible code, or with statistical errors were excluded, resulting in 29 analyses in the final sample. Researchers reported radically different analyses and dispersed empirical outcomes, in a number of cases obtaining significant effects in opposite directions for the same research question. A Boba multiverse analysis demonstrates that decisions about how to operationalize variables explain variability in outcomes above and beyond statistical choices (e.g., covariates). Subjective researcher decisions play a critical role in driving the reported empirical results, underscoring the need for open data, systematic robustness checks, and transparency regarding both analytic paths taken and not taken. Implications for organizations and leaders, whose decision making relies in part on scientific findings, consulting reports, and internal analyses by data scientists, are discussed

Формально-функциональный анализ роли денег в воспроизводственном процессе: новые аспекты современной теории денег

 The authors investigate the role of money in the reproduction process from the perspective of a functional approach, including the influence of external factors. The aim of the study is to develop the modern theory of money at the formal and functional level based on the analysis of the role of money in the reproduction process in the concept of coordination of monetary, macroprudential and financial policies of Russia for the purpose of economic growth. The novelty of the research is due to the development of the modern theory of money on the basis of clarifying the role of money in the reproduction process influenced by decisions made to coordinate the monetary, macroprudential and financial policy. The authors apply methods of system-structural, formal-functional, comparative economic analysis, econometric modeling using correlation-regression analysis, economic and mathematical methods. The authors developed a methodological framework for analysis, identified and structured the possibilities and risks of applying macroprudential policy measures for monetary circulation, illustrated the threats to the economy and its main macroeconomic entities due to the spread of coronavirus disease, summarized measures in the field of monetary and financial regulation to overcome threats and strengthen the role of money in the reproduction process. The authors conclude that it is necessary to form a trusted digital space, that forms the possibility of leveling the negative impact of external factors on the reproduction process and restoring the reproduction potential of money for economic growth, considering the coordination (conjugation) of monetary, macroprudential and financial policies. The implementation of the authors’ proposals to enhance the role of money in the reproduction process will allow to “revive” the economy by increasing the demand for money and ensuring an adequate money supply. It will also enhance the ability of monetary, macroprudential, and financial policy instruments to influence reproduction processes and economic growth.  Авторы исследуют роль денег в воспроизводственном процессе с позиции функционального подхода, в том числе с учетом влияния внешних факторов. Цель исследования — развитие современной теории денег на формальнофункциональном уровне на основе анализа их роли в  воспроизводственном процессе в концепции координации денежно-кредитной, макропруденциальной и финансовой политики России в интересах экономического роста. Новизна  исследования состоит в развитии современной теории денег вне зависимости от их форм и видов  на основе уточнения их роли в воспроизводственном процессе под влиянием решений по координации денежно-кредитной, макропруденциальной и финансовой политики. Использованы методы системно-структурного, формально-функционального, сравнительного экономического  анализа, эконометрического моделирования с применением корреляционно-регрессионного  анализа, экономико-математические методы. Разработана методологическая основа для проведения анализа, выявлены и структурированы возможности и риски применения мер  макропруденциальной политики для денежного оборота, показаны угрозы для экономики и основных ее макроэкономических субъектов из-за распространения коронавирусной инфекции, обобщены меры в области денежно-кредитного и финансового регулирования для преодоления угроз и усиления роли денег в воспроизводственном процессе.  Авторы делают выводы о необходимости формирования доверенного цифрового пространства, формирующего возможность нивелирования негативного влияния внешних факторов на  воспроизводственный процесс и восстановление воспроизводственного потенциала денег в интересах  экономического роста, в том числе на основе координации (сопряженности) денежно-кредитной, макропруденциальной и финансовой политики. Реализация предложений авторов об усилении роли денег в воспроизводственном процессе позволит «оживить» экономику за счет  активизации спроса на деньги и обеспечения адекватного денежного предложения. Также это повысит способность инструментов как монетарной, макропруденциальной, так и финансовой политики оказывать влияние на воспроизводственные процессы и экономический рост.

Hereditary mechanisms in the development of sclerotic degenerative disorders of aortic valve

Aim. To investigate the role of hereditary mechanisms in the development of sclerotic degenerative disorders of aortic valve. Material and methods. Clinical, phenotypical, and echocardiographic examination was performed in 180 middle-aged and elderly people (mean age 63,8±9 years; 102 men, 78 women), including 86 patients with calcific aortic stenosis (55 after aortic valve surgery) and 61 controls. The diagnostic criteria of the National Guidelines on hereditary connective tissue disorders (2009) were used. The valve biopsy samples were examined using histological, morphological, and immunohistochemical (TGF