2D visualization captures the local heterogeneity of oxidative metabolism across soils from diverse land-use

Fine-scale processes in soils affect large-scale phenomena by controlling mixing and reaction rates, yet technological constraints have hampered the collection of micro-scale kinetic data. As a result, limited information is available on the magnitude of fine-scale biogeochemical rates and their temporal and spatial pattern in response to environmental perturbations. In this work we investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics in oxidative microbial activity and the development of anoxic micro zones (i.e., anoxic hot-spots) at the microscopic level (μm - cm). These analyses rely on novel non-invasive & non-destructive optodes, which are able to capture real-time imaging of oxygen concentrations over time at an interval of twenty seconds. Results showed that labile carbon addition resulted in maximum rates of local metabolic activity within a few minutes (5 to 15) and led to the subsequent formation of anoxic hot-spots. Different areas within a given soil sample presented up to one order of magnitude variation in metabolic rate values. As a result, oxic and anoxic micro-zones coexisted closely. The relationship between oxygen concentrations and heterogeneity of oxidative metabolism resulted in an initial increase in metabolic heterogeneity over time followed by a decrease when anoxic conditions dominated. A similar link was found by comparing metabolic activity and its heterogeneity across a range of soil types. These results demonstrate that the microbial activity and hot-spot development can be monitored by using a non-invasive quantitative imaging system that allows real-time monitoring of spatial oxygen distribution. We conclude that local dynamics of heterogeneity in space and time at the fine-scale present the same functional behavior encountered in most ecosystems at the landscape-scal

Linking biofilm spatial structure to real-time microscopic oxygen decay imaging

<p>Two non-destructive techniques, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and planar optode (VisiSens imaging), were combined to relate the fine-scale spatial structure of biofilm components to real-time images of oxygen decay in aquatic biofilms. Both techniques were applied to biofilms grown for seven days at contrasting light and temperature (10/20°C) conditions. The geo-statistical analyses of CLSM images indicated that biofilm structures consisted of small (~10⁰ μm) and middle sized (~10¹ μm) irregular aggregates. Cyanobacteria and EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) showed larger aggregate sizes in dark grown biofilms while, for algae, aggregates were larger in light-20°C conditions. Light-20°C biofilms were most dense while 10°C biofilms showed a sparser structure and lower respiration rates. There was a positive relationship between the number of pixels occupied and the oxygen decay rate. The combination of optodes and CLMS, taking advantage of geo-statistics, is a promising way to relate biofilm architecture and metabolism at the micrometric scale.</p