Field trial on glucose-induced insulin and metabolite responses in Estonian Holstein and Estonian Red dairy cows in two herds

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Insulin secretion and tissue sensitivity to insulin is considered to be one of the factors controlling lipid metabolism <it>post partum</it>. The objective of this study was to compare glucose-induced blood insulin and metabolite responses in Estonian Holstein (EH, n = 14) and Estonian Red (ER, n = 14) cows.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was carried out using the glucose tolerance test (GTT) performed at 31 ± 1.9 days <it>post partum</it> during negative energy balance. Blood samples were obtained at -15, -5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min relative to infusion of 0.15 g/kg BW glucose and analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Applying the MIXED Procedure with the SAS System the basal concentration of cholesterol, and basal concentration and concentrations at post-infusion time points for other metabolites, area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin, clearance rate (CR) for glucose, and maximum increase from basal concentration for glucose and insulin were compared between breeds.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was a breed effect on blood NEFA (<it>P </it>< 0.05) and a time effect on all metabolites concentration (<it>P </it>< 0.01). The following differences were observed in EH compared to ER: lower blood insulin concentration 5 min after glucose infusion (<it>P </it>< 0.05), higher glucose concentration 20 (<it>P </it>< 0.01) and 30 min (<it>P </it>< 0.05) after infusion, and higher NEFA concentration before (<it>P </it>< 0.01) and 5 min after infusion (P < 0.05). Blood TG concentration in ER remained stable, while in EH there was a decrease from the basal level to the 40^thmin nadir (<it>P </it>< 0.01), followed by an increase to the 60^thmin postinfusion (<it>P </it>< 0.01).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results imply that glucose-induced changes in insulin concentration and metabolite responses to insulin differ between EH and ER dairy cows.</p

Comparison of digestion between Ilamas and sheep: influence of concentrate supply

International audienc

Nitrogen efficiency and amino acid requirements in dairy cattle

absen

Rumen-protected methionine and lysine supplementation improved performances and environmental impact of nitrogen when lowering dietary protein content in dairy farms

International audienceThe objective of the EU Project Dy+Milk was to investigate better efficiency of metabolizable protein (MP) use by reducing dietary MP content through less soybean meal (SBM) and balancing the profile of digestible amino acid (AA) in lactating dairy cows. A total of 444 lactating dairy cows from 5 farms in the west region of France were used for 4 mo (39 ± 10% primiparous, 188 ± 101 d in milk (DIM), 9,500 ± 477 kg milk/cow/lactation period of 365d). The trials were conducted as ABA reversal design with 3 successive periods. In the first and third periods of one month each in each farm (Control), semi-complete corn silage diets with different proportions (12 ± 2.8%) of grass silage were offered ad libitum (net energy of lactation (NEL): 1.62 ± 0.03 MCal kg/ DM, MP: 99 ± 4 g kg/DM of PDIE in INRA2007, Met: 1.8 ± 0.0% MP and Lys: 6.9 ± 0.1% MP). In the second period of 2 mo (treatment), experimental diets were offered ad libitum by substituting 0.6 kg/d/cow of SBM (i.e., 15%, PDIE: 96 ± 4 g kg/DM) with corn or barley to maintain NEL supply and by balancing Met (Smartamine M, 2.4% MP) and Lys (AjiPro-L, 7.2% MP). Dray matter intake (DMI) was measured per period and farm. Gross analysis and nutritive values were evaluated from representative samples collected per period. Milk yield and composition were analyzed 5 times. Efficiencies of MP and NUE were evaluated. The relative impact of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions including CO2, CH4 and N2O were converted to CO2 eq according to IPPC 2014. Emissions as CO2 eq. were evaluated using LCA methodology according to PEFCR and the JRC approaches with fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) as functional unit. Data were analyzed with ANOVA using Proc Mixed of R. DMI was not impacted with treatment (23.7 ± 2.5 kg DM). Milk yield increased (P < 0.01) by 0.6 kg/d/cow while milk protein increased (P < 0.01) by 0.5 g/kg and 39 g/d/cow with the treatment. Milk urea nitrogen decreased (P < 0.01) by 48 mg/l with the treatment. Gross MP efficiency increased (P < 0.05) by 4% and NUE by 9% with the treatment. Consequently, CO2 eq emission decreased by 10%. These results confirmed that better balancing Met and Lys, thanks to rumen-protected AA in reduced MP content diets with less SBM, increased performances and improved environmental impact of nitrogen in high productive dairy herds

Current developments at IRSN on computational tools dedicated to assessing doses for both internal and external exposure

The paper presents the OEDIPE (French acronym that stands for tool for personalised internal dose assessment) and SESAME (for simulation of external source accident with medical images) computational tools, dedicated to internal and external dose assessment, respectively, and currently being developed at the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety. The originality of OEDIPE and SESAME, by using voxel phantoms in association with Monte Carlo codes, lies in their ability to construct personalised voxel phantoms from medical images and automatically generate the Monte Carlo input file and visualise the expected results. OEDIPE simulates in vivo measurements to improve their calibration, and calculates the dose distribution taking both internal contamination and internal radiotherapy cases into account. SESAME enables radiological overexposure doses to be reconstructed, as also victim, source and accident environment modelling. The paper presents the principles on which these tools function and an overview of specificities and results linked to their fields of application. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved