1,378 research outputs found
EUR/USD valuuttakurssin ja makrotalouden fundamenttimuuttujien vÀlinen tasapainorelaatio
TiivistelmĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€ pro gradu -tutkielma kĂ€sittelee EUR/USD valuuttakurssin sekĂ€ makrotalouden fundamenttimuuttujien vĂ€listĂ€ yhteyttĂ€ vuosien 1999â2019 vĂ€lillĂ€. Erityisesti tarkastellaan, kuinka hyvin monetaarimallit selittĂ€vĂ€t valuuttakurssin liikkeitĂ€, ja valuuttakurssin sekĂ€ fundamenttien vĂ€liltĂ€ etsitÀÀn pitkĂ€n aikavĂ€lin tasapainorelaatiota, eli yhteisintegraatiota. TĂ€mĂ€n relaation olemassaoloa tutkitaan Johansenin yhteisintegraatiotestillĂ€.
Valuuttakurssien vaihteluita on pyritty selittÀmÀÀn sekÀ ennustamaan paljon, ja aihe on hyvin suosittu tutkimuskohde, mutta kuitenkaan siihen ei olla saatu selkeÀÀ konsensusta, ja aiheen tutkimustulokset ovat kaiken kaikkiaan melko ristiriitaisia. Aiempien tulosten mukaan kuitenkin voidaan nÀhdÀ, ettÀ monetaarimallit eivÀt sovellu lyhyen aikavÀlin liikkeiden selittÀmiseen, mutta pitkÀn aikavÀlin trendien ja liikkeiden havaitsemiseen ja analyysiin monetaarimallit ovat hyödyllisiÀ työkaluja.
Tutkimukseen otettiin mukaan neljÀ fundamenttimuuttujaa, jotka ovat rahamÀÀrÀ, tuotanto, korko- sekÀ inflaatiotaso. Saatuja tuloksia vertailtiin kahteen monetaarimallin versioon, joustavien hintojen malliin sekÀ jÀykkien hintojen malliin. Granger kausaliteettitesteillÀ tutkittiin, kulkeeko kausaliteetti fundamenteista valuuttakursseihin, vai kenties toisin pÀin.
TÀmÀn tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan valuuttakurssin ja makrotalouden fundamenttien vÀlillÀ vallitsee pitkÀn aikavÀlin tasapainorelaatio, kun kaikilta ajanjaksoilta havaittiin yhteisintegroituva vektori. TÀmÀ tulos antaa tukea monetaarimallien toimivuudelle, ja tÀtÀ havaintoa pÀÀosin tukevat myös aiempien tutkimusten tulokset. Kausaliteettitestit osoittivat, ettÀ itse asiassa valuuttakurssi vaikuttaa keskimÀÀrin fundamentteihin enemmÀn, kuin fundamentit valuuttakurssiin. Kausaalisuussuhteet kuitenkin vaihtelevat testatulta ajanjaksolta toiselle siirtyessÀ, ja kausaliteetit saattavat olla myös kaksisuuntaisia.
TÀmÀn tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella monetaarimalleja voidaan hyödyntÀÀ talouden pitkÀn aikavÀlin trendien havaitsemisessa ja analysoimisessa, sekÀ muiden valuuttakurssimallien arvioimisen kiintopisteenÀ. Huomioitava on, ettÀ tÀmÀ tutkimus ei ota huomioon fundamenttimuuttujien keskinÀisiÀ yhteyksiÀ, eikÀ muita mahdollisia valuuttakurssiin vaikuttavia tekijöitÀ
A novel high resolution contactless technique for thermal field mapping and thermal conductivity determination: Two-Laser Raman Thermometry
We present a novel high resolution contactless technique for thermal
conductivity determination and thermal field mapping based on creating a
thermal distribution of phonons using a heating laser, while a second laser
probes the local temperature through the spectral position of a Raman active
mode. The spatial resolution can be as small as nm, whereas its
temperature accuracy is K. We validate this technique investigating the
thermal properties of three free-standing single crystalline Si membranes with
thickness of 250, 1000, and 2000 nm. We show that for 2-dimensional materials
such as free-standing membranes or thin films, and for small temperature
gradients, the thermal field decays as in the diffusive
limit. The case of large temperature gradients within the membranes leads to an
exponential decay of the thermal field, . The
results demonstrate the full potential of this new contactless method for
quantitative determination of thermal properties. The range of materials to
which this method is applicable reaches far beyond the here demonstrated case
of Si, as the only requirement is the presence of a Raman active mode
Lack of food access and food consumption patterns of late midlife women in southeast Michigan
Background: Food access is a key social determinant of health for older adults at high risk of chronic disease and physical disability.
Methods: This cross-sectional analysis examined correlates of food access and the relationship between food access and food consumption characteristics in a sample of 316 late midlife women from Southeast Michigan in 2015-2016.
Results: Lack of food access, defined as access to self-perceived adequate grocery shopping resources in oneâs neighborhood, was reported by 20.9% of women. Women who reported lack of food access were less likely to report making meals at home (p=0.02) and had less frequent consumption of fresh fruits (p=0.04), fresh vegetables (p=0.001), and lean meats (p=0.048) as compared to those that did not report a lack of food access (p=0.04, p=0.001, p=0.048). Being African American (OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.20-5.17) and experiencing economic stress (OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 2.53-5.33) were major correlates of reporting lack of food access.
Conclusion: Interventions to improve food access for midlife women may help address differences in chronic disease risk associated with diet quality among racial/ethnic groups and across socioeconomic status
OppijaminÀkÀsitys, kÀsitys minusta oppijana:minÀ osaan, minÀ pystyn ja minÀ onnistun
TiivistelmÀ. OppijaminÀkÀsitystÀ ei juurikaan kÀsitellÀ luokanopettajan opintojen kandidaattivaiheessa, vaikka minÀpystyvyys nousee esille kasvatustieteiden perusopinnoissa. TÀmÀn kandidaatin tutkielman ensimmÀisenÀ tutkimuskysymyksenÀ onkin selvittÀÀ, mitÀ oppijaminÀkÀsitys tarkoittaa. Tutkielmassa tuodaan esille, mitkÀ asiat vaikuttavat oppijaminÀkÀsitykseen ja mihin oppijaminÀkÀsitys vaikuttaa. Tavoitteeksi nousikin saada selville, miten oppijaminÀkÀsitys nÀkyy oppilaan akateemisessa toiminnassa, kuten tehtÀvien tekemisessÀ ja tavoitteiden asettamisessa.
AlakouluikÀinen lapsi viettÀÀ suuren osan arjestaan luokanopettajan kanssa, minkÀ vuoksi luokanopettaja on merkittÀvÀ aikuinen alakouluikÀisen elÀmÀssÀ. Luokanopettaja toimii roolimallina, jonka toiminta vaikuttaa keskeisesti opettaja-oppilas-vuorovaikutussuhteeseen. Tutkielman toiseksi tutkimuskysymykseksi on muodostunut kysymys siitÀ, miten luokanopettaja voi vaikuttaa oppilaansa oppijaminÀkÀsitykseen. TÀmÀn kysymyksen tavoitteena on selvittÀÀ, luokanopettajan roolia oppijaminÀkÀsityksen muodostumisessa ja mitÀ asioita luokanopettajan tulee ottaa huomioon oppijaminÀkÀsityksen suhteen opetuksessa ja kouluarjessa.
TutkimusmenetelmÀnÀ on kÀytetty kuvailevaa kirjallisuuskatsausta, ja aineistonkeruussa on hyödynnetty monipuolisesti eri tietokantoja. Tutkielmassa on kÀytetty niin kotimaisia kuin kansainvÀlisiÀkin vertaisarvioituja lÀhteitÀ. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ettÀ oppijaminÀkÀsitys eli oppilaan kÀsitys omasta pystyvyydestÀÀn ja itsestÀÀn oppijana on yhteydessÀ akateemiseen toimintaan, kuten sinnikkyyteen ja motivaatioon. Keskeinen tutkimustulos on oppijaminÀkÀsityksen ja suoriutumisen molemminpuolinen suhde: oppijaminÀkÀsitys vaikuttaa oppilaan suoriutumiseen ja oppilaan aiemmat suoriutumiset vaikuttavat oppijaminÀkÀsitykseen. NÀin ollen luokanopettajan tulee ottaa oppijaminÀkÀsitys huomioon. Tutkimustulokset tuovat esille luokanopettajan roolin, sillÀ esimerkiksi rohkaiseva kannustaminen, sosiaalisen vertailun vÀhentÀminen ja opetusmenetelmien monipuolisuus vahvistavat oppijaminÀkÀsitystÀ. Luokanopettajalla on siis vaikutusta oppilaansa oppijaminÀkÀsityksen muodostumiseen
Water and nitrogen processes along a typical water flowpath and streamwater exports from a forested catchment and changes after clear-cutting: a modelling study
International audienceA two dimensional model, FEMMA, to describe water and nitrogen (N) fluxes within and from a forested first-order catchment (Kangasvaara in Eastern Finland) was constructed by linking the most significant processes affecting the fluxes of water, ammonium, nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen along a hillslope from the water divide to the stream. The hillslope represents the average flowpath of water in the catchment and the model was used to estimate the N fluxes for a catchment in eastern Finland before and after clear-cutting. The simulated results were in reasonable agreement with the nitrate, dissolved organic N and dissolved total N measurements from the study catchment and with other results in the literature. According to the simulations, the major sinks of N after clear-cutting were immobilisation by soil microbes, uptake by ground vegetation and sorption to soil. These sinks increased downslope from the clear-cut area, indicating the importance of an uncut buffer zone between the stream and the clear-cut area in reducing N exports. The buffer zone retained 76% of the N flux coming from the clear-cut area. Nitrification was a key process in controlling the N export after clear-cutting and N increases were mainly as nitrate. Most of the annual N export took place during the spring flood, when uptake of N by plants was minimal
What influences the speed of prototyping? An empirical investigation of twenty software startups
It is essential for startups to quickly experiment business ideas by building
tangible prototypes and collecting user feedback on them. As prototyping is an
inevitable part of learning for early stage software startups, how fast
startups can learn depends on how fast they can prototype. Despite of the
importance, there is a lack of research about prototyping in software startups.
In this study, we aimed at understanding what are factors influencing different
types of prototyping activities. We conducted a multiple case study on twenty
European software startups. The results are two folds, firstly we propose a
prototype-centric learning model in early stage software startups. Secondly, we
identify factors occur as barriers but also facilitators for prototyping in
early stage software startups. The factors are grouped into (1) artifacts, (2)
team competence, (3) collaboration, (4) customer and (5) process dimensions. To
speed up a startups progress at the early stage, it is important to incorporate
the learning objective into a well-defined collaborative approach of
prototypingComment: This is the author's version of the work. Copyright owner's version
can be accessed at doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57633-6_2, XP2017, Cologne,
German
Ethnicity predicts perceptions of smoking and smoking cessation among veterans
The objective of this study was to determine if race/ethnicity predicts motivation to quit smoking and preferences for cessation services among smokers serviced by a primarily psychiatric Veterans Affairs hospital. A selfâadministered survey was given to a convenience sample of smokers ( n = 146) at the Battle Creek Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were calculated to determine the association between race/ethnicity and motivation to quit smoking. Fortyâtwo per cent of the sample was nonâWhite. NonâWhite patients smoked significantly less cigarettes per day as compared with White patients ( P = 0.002). In the multivariate analyses, compared with Whites, nonâWhites had 3.5 times greater odds of thinking that quitting smoking was extremely/very important to health ( P = 0.01), 4.0 times greater odds of thinking of quitting using tobacco products in the next 30 days ( P = 0.004) and 3.4 times greater odds of being interested in receiving smoking cessation services ( P = 0.007). Yet, nonâWhite patients were less likely to be interested in intensive nurse counselling and cessation medications. As the number of nonâWhites continues to increase in the military, novel strategies may be needed to capitalize on the high motivation to quit smoking and preference for nonâtraditional interventions among nonâWhite smokers treated in Veterans Affairs hospitals.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90416/1/j.1365-2850.2011.01757.x.pd
Postâdischarge tobacco cessation rates among hospitalized US veterans with and without diabetes
Aimsâ Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications among patients with diabetes. Hospitalization has been shown to enhance cessation rates. The purpose of this study was to compare 6âmonth postâhospitalization tobacco cessation rates among US veterans with and without diabetes. Methodsâ This was a longitudinal study among inpatient veterans who used tobacco in the past month ( n â=â496). Patients were recruited and surveyed from three Midwestern Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals during an acuteâcare hospitalization. They were also asked to complete a followâup survey 6âmonths postâdischarge. Bivariateâ and multivariableâadjusted analyses were conducted to determine differences in tobacco cessation rates between patients with and without a diagnosis of diabetes. Resultsâ The mean age of patients was 55.2âyears and 62% were white. Twentyânine per cent had coâmorbid diabetes. A total of 18.8% of patients with diabetes reported tobacco cessation at 6âmonths compared with 10.9% of those without diabetes ( P â=â0.02). Cotinineâverified cessation rates were 12.5 vs. 7.4% in the groups with and without diabetes, respectively ( P â=â0.07). Controlling for psychiatric coâmorbidities, depressive symptoms, age, selfârated health and nicotine dependence, the multivariableâadjusted logistic regression showed that patients with diabetes had three times higher odds of 6âmonth cotinineâverified tobacco cessation as compared with those without diabetes (odds ratioâ3.17, P â=â0.005). Conclusionsâ Postâhospitalization rates of smoking cessation are high among those with diabetes. Intensive tobacco cessation programmes may increase these cessation rates further.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92145/1/j.1464-5491.2012.03635.x.pd
Racial/ethnic differences in hepatic steatosis in a populationâbased cohort of postâmenopausal women: the Michigan Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
Aims The prevalence of hepatic steatosis may differ between postâmenopausal AfricanâAmerican women and nonâHispanic white women and by sex hormone binding globulin level. We examined prevalence of hepatic steatosis by race/ethnicity and associations with sex hormone binding globulin. Methods Participants included postâmenopausal women who underwent hepatic ultrasound ( n  = 345) at the Michigan site of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a populationâbased study. We examined hepatic steatosis prevalence by race/ethnicity and used logistic regression models to calculate the odds of hepatic steatosis with race/ethnicity and sex hormone binding globulin, after adjustment for age, alcohol use, waist circumference, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure and use of medications reported to lower intrahepatic fat. Results Fewer AfricanâAmerican women than nonâHispanic white women had hepatic steatosis (23 vs. 36%, P  = 0.01). AfricanâAmerican women had lower triglyceride and lowâdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but higher blood pressure and follicleâstimulating hormone levels ( P  < 0.05). In the optimalâfitting multivariable models, women in the highest tertile of sex hormone binding globulin (60.2â220.3 nmol/l) had a lower odds of hepatic steatosis (odds ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.20â0.93) compared with women in the lowest tertile of sex hormone binding globulin (10.5â40.3 nmol/l). There was an interaction between race/ethnicity and medication use whereby nonâHispanic white women using medications had three times higher odds of hepatic steatosis compared with AfricanâAmerican women not using medications (odds ratio 3.36, 95% CI 1.07â10.58). Interactions between race/ethnicity and other variables, including sex hormone levels, were not significant. Conclusions Hepatic steatosis on ultrasound may be more common in postâmenopausal nonâHispanic white women than AfricanâAmerican women and was associated with lower levels of sex hormone binding globulin. What's new? Although hepatic steatosis is common in postâmenopausal women, previous studies have not examined risk factors in this population, particularly sex steroids and sex hormone binding globulin. We report that increased sex hormone binding globulin, the primary binding protein of sex hormones and a risk factor for diabetes, was strongly associated with decreased odds of hepatic steatosis in both race/ethnicities.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/101792/1/dme12225.pd
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