479 research outputs found
The Incidence of Carbon Taxes in U.S. Manufacturing: Lessons from Energy Cost Pass-through
This paper estimates how increases in production costs due to energy inputs affect consumer versus producer surplus (i.e., incidence). In doing so, we develop a general methodology to measure the incidence of changes in input costs that can account for three first-order issues: factor substitution amongst inputs used for production, incomplete pass-through of input costs, and industry competitiveness. We apply this methodology to a set of U.S. manufacturing industries for which we observe plant-level output prices and input costs. We find that about 70 percent of energy price-driven changes in input costs are passed through to consumers. This implies that the share of welfare cost borne by consumers is 25-75 percent smaller (and the share borne by producers is correspondingly larger) than most existing work assumes
Energy Prices, Pass-Through, and Incidence in U.S. Manufacturing
This paper studies how increases in energy input costs for production are split between consumers and producers via changes in product prices (i.e., pass-through). We show that in markets characterized by imperfect competition, marginal cost pass-through, a demand elasticity, and a price-cost markup are sucient to characterize the relative change in welfare between producers and consumers due to a change in input costs. We find that increases in energy prices lead to higher plant-level marginal costs and output prices but lower markups. This suggests that marginal cost pass-through is incomplete, with estimates centered around 0.7. Our confidence intervals reject both zero pass-through and complete pass-through. We find heterogeneous incidence of changes in input prices across industries, with consumers bearing a smaller share of the burden than standards methods suggest
The Incidence of Carbon Taxes in U.S. Manufacturing: Lessons from Energy Cost Pass-through
This paper studies how changes in energy input costs for U.S. manufacturers affect the relative welfare of manufacturing producers and consumers (i.e., incidence). In doing so, we develop a novel partial equilibrium methodology designed to estimate the incidence of input taxes. This method simultaneously accounts for three determinants of incidence that are typically studied in isolation: incomplete pass-through of input costs, differences in industry competitiveness, and substitution amongst inputs used for production. We apply this methodology to a set of U.S. manufacturing industries for which we observe plant-level unit prices and input choices. We find that about 70 percent of energy price-driven changes in input costs are passed through to consumers. We combine industry-specific pass-through rates with estimates of industry competitiveness to show that the share of welfare cost borne by consumers is 25-75 percent smaller (and the share borne by producers is correspondingly larger) than models featuring complete pass-through and perfect competition would suggest
The Incidence of Carbon Taxes in U.S. Manufacturing: Lessons from Energy Cost Pass-through
This paper studies how changes in energy input costs for U.S. manufacturers affect the relative welfare of manufacturing producers and consumers (i.e. incidence). In doing so, we develop a partial equilibrium methodology to estimate the incidence of input taxes that can simultaneously account for three determinants of incidence that are typically studied in isolation: incomplete pass-through of input costs, differences in industry competitiveness, and factor substitution amongst inputs used for production. We apply this methodology to a set of U.S. manufacturing industries for which we observe plant-level unit prices and input choices. We find that about 70 percent of energy price-driven changes in input costs are passed through to consumers. We combine industry-specific pass-through rates with estimates of industry competitiveness to show that the share of welfare cost borne by consumers is 25-75 percent smaller (and the share borne by producers is correspondingly larger) than models featuring complete pass-through and perfect competition would suggest
Small and beautiful? The programme of activities and the least developed countries
Most carbon abatement projects under the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have been implemented in rapidly industrializing countries, notably China and India. To support small carbon abatement projects and to promote decarbonization in the least developed countries, the Programme of Activities (PoA) modality was introduced. Are the determinants of project implementation different under the PoA from those of conventional CDM projects? To answer this question, we conduct a statistical analysis of the global distribution of CDM projects and PoAs during the years 2007–2012. In regard to country size, large countries clearly dominate both the CDM and PoA, suggesting that the PoA may do only little to facilitate project implementation in small countries. However, the number of PoAs has a strong negative association with a country's corruption level, while the importance of corruption for the CDM is much smaller. Moreover, per capita income has no effect on PoA implementation, while high wealth levels have a weak positive effect on CDM projects. Thus, the PoA modality seems to promote sustainable development in poor countries that have exceeded a certain threshold of good governance. In this regard, PoAs are directing carbon credits to new areas, as many had initially hoped
New Fish meal plant at Karwar to process oil sardine
Karnataka recorded an appreciable catch of
1,00,179 t of oil sardine in 2007. The boom in
oil sardine landings has lead to the establishment of
a new fish meal plant at Baithkol landing centre of
Karwar which became functional in March, 2008
(Fig. 1). The Karnataka Fisheries Development
Board has leased out the fish meal plant to a private
company, Sai Annapoorna Bio-Protein Private Ltd.
The products manufactured by the fish meal plant
are fish oil and fish meal powder. They supply fish
oil to CP Aquamarine which exports the fish oil to
south-east Asian countries such as Vietnam and
Thailand. The fish meal powder is used as prawn
feed and it is procured and marketed by CP
Aquamarine. The company procures fish from
Mangalore to Goa from boat owners and agents. The
average supply of fish is 200 t/day. The company
processes only oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) for
the manufacture of fish meal and fish oil
Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Hard Palate:A Multidisciplinary Approach
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common salivary gland tumor accounting for 80% of all major salivary gland tumors. It is a benign salivary gland neoplasm that constitutes 3% to 10% of the neoplasms in the head and neck region.1 Salivary gland neoplasms represents less than 1% of all tumors. This article is being showcased as a special case due to the fact it was done at a Taluk Hospital and also because ENT and oromaxillofacial surgeons were involved during the surgery
Real-space Manifestations of Bottlenecks in Turbulence Spectra
An energy-spectrum bottleneck, a bump in the turbulence spectrum between the
inertial and dissipation ranges, is shown to occur in the non-turbulent,
one-dimensional, hyperviscous Burgers equation and found to be the
Fourier-space signature of oscillations in the real-space velocity, which are
explained by boundary-layer-expansion techniques. Pseudospectral simulations
are used to show that such oscillations occur in velocity correlation functions
in one- and three-dimensional hyperviscous hydrodynamical equations that
display genuine turbulence.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Disability prevention and management in leprosy: A field experience
Bombay Leprosy Project has conducted operational research into cost
effective ways of using therapeutic management for prevention of
disabilities (POD). The goal of achieving this are broadly divided as
1) prevention of impairments and disabilities [POID] and 2) prevention
of worsening of disabilities [POWD]. About 33-56% of newly registered
leprosy patients already have clinically detectable nerve function
impairment [NFI], often no longer amenable to MDT. An analysis of 892
leprosy cases treated with WHO-MDT stresses the need to focus attention
on leprosy patients having > 5 skin lesions and multiple nerve
thickening. Assessment of 454 disabled leprosy patients after 4 years
indicated that the compliance for the services offered was good and it
helped to improve the disability status in more than 50% of patients.
In terms of effectiveness of the services, it was found to be effective
in preventing worsening of deformities in hands and healing of trophic
ulcers in feet. The methodology adopted has also helped us to develop
an operational research model about the necessity to systematize the
assistance and support to be given if the services can be routed
through a public health facility. Because of the large numbers of
leprosy patients with disability living in this region and the limited
resources available, the services have to be targeted towards those who
are most in need. The major advantage of such community based program
is an attempt to eliminate the social stigma in the patients' families
and the education of the community
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