Witnessing (co)datatypes

Datatypes and codatatypes are useful for specifying and reasoning about (possibly infinite) computational processes. The Isabelle/HOL proof assistant has recently been extended with a definitional package that supports both. We describe a complete procedure for deriving nonemptiness witnesses in the general mutually recursive, nested case—nonemptiness being a proviso for introducing types in higher-order logic

Post-extraction mesio-distal gap reduction assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy - a clinical 3-month follow-up study

[EN] AimThe aim of this 3-month follow-up study is to quantify the reduction in the mesio-distal gap dimension (MDGD) that occurs after tooth extraction through image analysis of three-dimensional images obtained with the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) technique. Materials and MethodsFollowing tooth extraction, impressions of 79 patients 1month and 72 patients 3months after tooth extraction were obtained. Cast models were processed by CLSM, and MDGD changes between time points were measured. ResultsThe mean mesio-distal gap reduction 1month after tooth extraction was 343.4m and 3months after tooth extraction was 672.3m. The daily mean gap reduction rate during the first term (between baseline and 1month post-extraction measurements) was 10.3m/day and during the second term (between 1 and 3months) was 5.4m/day. ConclusionsThe mesio-distal gap reduction is higher during the first month following the extraction and continues in time, but to a lesser extent. When the inter-dental contacts were absent, the mesio-distal gap reduction is lower. When a molar tooth is extracted or the distal tooth to the edentulous space does not occlude with an antagonist, the mesio-distal gap reduction is larger. The consideration of mesio-distal gap dimension changes can help improve dental treatment planning.The authors would like to express their gratitude to MEC (contract grant number AP2008-01653), to FEDER, to the Generalitat Valenciana for its help in the CLSM acquisition (MY08/ISIRM/S/100), to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-05-12) and to Dr. Asuncion Jaime for her translation assistance.García-Herraiz, A.; Silvestre, FJ.; Leiva García, R.; Crespo Abril, F.; Garcia-Anton, J. (2017). Post-extraction mesio-distal gap reduction assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy - a clinical 3-month follow-up study. Journal Of Clinical Periodontology. 44(5):548-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12706S548555445Aguilar, M. L., Elias, A., Vizcarrondo, C. E. T., & Psoter, W. J. (2010). Analysis of three-dimensional distortion of two impression materials in the transfer of dental implants. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 103(4), 202-209. doi:10.1016/s0022-3913(10)60032-7Amit, G., JPS, K., Pankaj, B., Suchinder, S., & Parul, B. (2012). Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) - a review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, e292-296. doi:10.4317/jced.50822Armitage, G. C. (1999). Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions. Annals of Periodontology, 4(1), 1-6. doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1Belli, R., Pelka, M., Petschelt, A., & Lohbauer, U. (2009). In vitro wear gap formation of self-adhesive resin cements: A CLSM evaluation. Journal of Dentistry, 37(12), 984-993. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2009.08.006Belli, R., Rahiotis, C., Schubert, E. W., Baratieri, L. N., Petschelt, A., & Lohbauer, U. (2011). Wear and morphology of infiltrated white spot lesions. Journal of Dentistry, 39(5), 376-385. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2011.02.009Brauchli, L. M., Baumgartner, E.-M., Ball, J., & Wichelhaus, A. (2011). Roughness of enamel surfaces after different bonding and debonding procedures. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 72(1), 61-67. doi:10.1007/s00056-010-0002-3Chen, S. Y., Liang, W. M., & Chen, F. N. (2004). Factors affecting the accuracy of elastometric impression materials. Journal of Dentistry, 32(8), 603-609. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2004.04.002Christou, P., & Kiliaridis, S. (2007). Three-dimensional changes in the position of unopposed molars in adults. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 29(6), 543-549. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjm036Craddock, H. L., Youngson, C. C., Manogue, M., & Blance, A. (2007). Occlusal Changes Following Posterior Tooth Loss in Adults. Part 2. Clinical Parameters Associated with Movement of Teeth Adjacent to the Site of Posterior Tooth Loss. Journal of Prosthodontics, 16(6), 495-501. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849x.2007.00223.xFaria, A. C. L., Rodrigues, R. C. S., Macedo, A. P., Mattos, M. da G. C. de, & Ribeiro, R. F. (2008). Accuracy of stone casts obtained by different impression materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 22(4), 293-298. doi:10.1590/s1806-83242008000400002García-Herraiz, A., Leiva-García, R., Cañigral-Ortiz, A., Silvestre, F. J., & García-Antón, J. (2011). Confocal laser scanning microscopy for the study of the morphological changes of the postextraction sites. Microscopy Research and Technique, 75(4), 513-519. doi:10.1002/jemt.21085Gragg, K. L., Shugars, D. A., Bader, J. D., Elter, J. R., & White, B. A. (2001). Movement of Teeth Adjacent to Posterior Bounded Edentulous Spaces. Journal of Dental Research, 80(11), 2021-2024. doi:10.1177/00220345010800111401LINDSKOG-STOKLAND, B., HANSEN, K., TOMASI, C., HAKEBERG, M., & WENNSTRÖM, J. L. (2011). Changes in molar position associated with missing opposed and/or adjacent tooth: a 12-year study in women. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 39(2), 136-143. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02252.xLove, W. D., & Adams, R. L. (1971). Tooth movement into edentulous areas. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 25(3), 271-278. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(71)90188-0Nishikawa, T., Masuno, K., Mori, M., Tajime, Y., Kakudo, K., & Tanaka, A. (2006). Calcification at the Interface Between Titanium Implants and Bone: Observation With Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Journal of Oral Implantology, 32(5), 211-217. doi:10.1563/799.1Pereira, J. R., Murata, K. Y., Valle, A. L. do, Ghizoni, J. S., & Shiratori, F. K. (2010). Linear dimensional changes in plaster die models using different elastomeric materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 24(3), 336-341. doi:10.1590/s1806-83242010000300013Schilling, T., Müller, M., Minne, H. W., & Ziegler, R. (1998). Influence of Inflammation-Mediated Osteopenia on the Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon and the Systemic Acceleratory Phenomenon During Healing of a Bone Defect in the Rat. Calcified Tissue International, 63(2), 160-166. doi:10.1007/s002239900508Scivetti, M., Pilolli, G. P., Corsalini, M., Lucchese, A., & Favia, G. (2007). Confocal laser scanning microscopy of human cementocytes: Analysis of three-dimensional image reconstruction. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 189(2), 169-174. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2006.09.009SHUGARS, D. A., BADER, J. D., PHILLIPS, S. W., WHITE, B. A., & BRANTLEY, C. F. (2000). THE CONSEQUENCES OF NOT REPLACING A MISSING POSTERIOR TOOTH. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 131(9), 1317-1323. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0385Thalmair, T., Fickl, S., Schneider, D., Hinze, M., & Wachtel, H. (2013). Dimensional alterations of extraction sites after different alveolar ridge preservation techniques - a volumetric study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 40(7), 721-727. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12111Thongthammachat, S., Moore, B. K., Barco, M. T., Hovijitra, S., Brown, D. T., & Andres, C. J. (2002). Dimensional accuracy of dental casts: Influence of tray material, impression material, and time. Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(2), 98-108. doi:10.1053/jopr.2002.125192Van der Weijden, F., Dell’Acqua, F., & Slot, D. E. (2009). Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post-extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 36(12), 1048-1058. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01482.xWeinstein, S. (1967). Minimal forces in tooth movement. American Journal of Orthodontics, 53(12), 881-903. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(67)90163-7Windisch, S. I., Jung, R. E., Sailer, I., Studer, S. P., Ender, A., & Hämmerle, C. H. F. (2007). A new optical method to evaluate three-dimensional volume changes of alveolar contours: a methodological in vitro study. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 18(5), 545-551. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01382.xYAMADA, M. K., & WATARI, F. (2003). Imaging and Non-Contact Profile Analysis of Nd: YAG Laser-Irradiated Teeth by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Dental Materials Journal, 22(4), 556-568. doi:10.4012/dmj.22.55

Outcome reporting in randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses of appendicitis treatments in children: a systematic review

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in children. Despite this, there is no core outcome set (COS) described for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in children with appendicitis and hence no consensus regarding outcome selection, definition and reporting. We aimed to identify outcomes currently reported in studies of paediatric appendicitis. / Methods: Using a defined, sensitive search strategy, we identified RCTs and systematic reviews (SRs) of treatment interventions in children with appendicitis. Included studies were all in English and investigated the effect of one or more treatment interventions in children with acute appendicitis or undergoing appendicectomy for presumed acute appendicitis. Studies were reviewed and data extracted by two reviewers. Primary (if defined) and all other outcomes were recorded and assigned to the core areas ‘Death’, ‘Pathophysiological Manifestations’, ‘Life Impact’, ‘Resource Use’ and ‘Adverse Events’, using OMERACT Filter 2.0. / Results: A total of 63 studies met the inclusion criteria reporting outcomes from 51 RCTs and nine SRs. Only 25 RCTs and four SRs defined a primary outcome. A total of 115 unique and different outcomes were identified. RCTs reported a median of nine outcomes each (range 1 to 14). The most frequently reported outcomes were wound infection (43 RCTs, nine SRs), intra-peritoneal abscess (41 RCTs, seven SRs) and length of stay (35 RCTs, six SRs) yet all three were reported in just 25 RCTs and five SRs. Common outcomes had multiple different definitions or were frequently not defined. Although outcomes were reported within all core areas, just one RCT and no SR reported outcomes for all core areas. Outcomes assigned to the ‘Death’ and ‘Life Impact’ core areas were reported least frequently (in six and 15 RCTs respectively). / Conclusions: There is a wide heterogeneity in the selection and definition of outcomes in paediatric appendicitis, and little overlap in outcomes used across studies. A paucity of studies report patient relevant outcomes within the ‘Life Impact’ core area. These factors preclude meaningful evidence synthesis, and pose challenges to designing prospective clinical trials and cohort studies. The development of a COS for paediatric appendicitis is warranted

Patient-reported outcome measures focusing on aesthetics of implant- and tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the existing evidence on patient-reported aesthetic outcome measures (PROMs) of implant-supported, relative to tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses. Material and Methods: In April 2017, two reviewers independently searched the Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane electronic databases, focusing on studies including patient-reported aesthetic outcomes of implant- and tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Human studies with a mean follow-up period of at least 1 year, a minimum of ten patients, and English, German, or French publication were included. For the comparison of subgroups, random-effects meta-regression for aggregate-level data was used. Results: The systematic search for implant-supported prostheses focusing on patient-reported outcomes identified 2,675 titles, which were screened by two independent authors. Fifty full-text articles were analyzed, and finally, 16 publications (including 19 relevant study cohorts) were included. For tooth-supported prostheses, no studies could be included. A total of 816 implant-supported reconstructions were analyzed by patients. Overall aesthetic evaluation by the patients’ visual analogue scale (VAS) rating was high in implant-supported FDPs (median: 90.3; min–max: 80.0–94.0) and the surrounding mucosa (median: 84.7; min–max: 73.0–92.0). Individual restorative materials, implant neck design (i.e., tissue or bone level type implants), and the use of a fixed provisional had no effect on patients’ ratings of the definitive implant-supported FDPs. Conclusions: Aesthetics is an important patient-reported measure, which lacks in standardized methods; however, patients’ satisfaction was high for implant- supported FDPs and the surrounding mucosa

Imaging Shock Waves in Diamond with Both High Temporal and Spatial Resolution at an XFEL

The advent of hard x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has opened up a variety of scientific opportunities in areas as diverse as atomic physics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics in the x-ray range and protein crystallography. In this article, we access a new field of science by measuring quantitatively the local bulk properties and dynamics of matter under extreme conditions, in this case by using the short XFEL pulse to image an elastic compression wave in diamond. The elastic wave was initiated by an intense optical laser pulse and was imaged at different delay times after the optical pump pulse using magnified x-ray phase-contrast imaging. The temporal evolution of the shock wave can be monitored, yielding detailed information on shock dynamics, such as the shock velocity, the shock front width and the local compression of the material. The method provides a quantitative perspective on the state of matter in extreme conditions

Imaging Shock Waves in Diamond with Both High Temporal and Spatial Resolution at an XFEL

The advent of hard x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has opened up a variety of scientific opportunities in areas as diverse as atomic physics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics in the x-ray range and protein crystallography. In this article, we access a new field of science by measuring quantitatively the local bulk properties and dynamics of matter under extreme conditions, in this case by using the short XFEL pulse to image an elastic compression wave in diamond. The elastic wave was initiated by an intense optical laser pulse and was imaged at different delay times after the optical pump pulse using magnified x-ray phase-contrast imaging. The temporal evolution of the shock wave can be monitored, yielding detailed information on shock dynamics, such as the shock velocity, the shock front width and the local compression of the material. The method provides a quantitative perspective on the state of matter in extreme conditions

The Optimal Design of Trade Policy Flexibility in the WTO

This paper is a contribution to the literature on rational design of trade agreements. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an incomplete contract among sovereign states. Incomplete contracts contain gaps. Ex post, contractual gaps may leave gains from trade unrealized; they may create 'regret' in signatories once unanticipated contingencies or sudden protectionist backlashes have occurred. Trade policy flexibility mechanisms, such as the 'safeguards clause' under Art. XIX GATT, are geared towards seizing ex post regret by allowing parties affected by a protectionist shock to partially and temporarily withdraw from previously made trade liberalization concessions - given that they compensate the victim(s) of such backtracking behavior. This paper examines the somewhat understudied issue of optimal trade policy flexibility design in the WTO: In particular, we analyze whether ex post escape should be organized by means of a unilateral opt-out clause (a 'liability rule' of escape), or a bilateral renegotiation provision (a 'property rule' of escape). Modeling the WTO as a fully non-contingent tariff liberalization contract with contingencies (or 'states of nature') asymmetrically revealed, we find that a liability rule backed by expectation remedies payable to the affected victim Pareto-dominates both a renegotiation clause, as well as any other remedy arrangement connected to a liability rule. Only the remedial design of liability-cum-expectation damages yields the desirable incentives to liberalize ex ante, and to default ex post and therewith is able to replicate the outcomes of the hypothetical contracting ideal of the complete contingent contract

Ptychographic electron microscopy using high-angle dark-field scattering for sub-nanometre resolution imaging

Diffractive imaging, in which image-forming optics are replaced by an inverse computation using scattered intensity data, could, in principle, realize wavelength-scale resolution in a transmission electron microscope. However, to date all implementations of this approach have suffered from various experimental restrictions. Here we demonstrate a form of diffractive imaging that unshackles the image formation process from the constraints of electron optics, improving resolution over that of the lens used by a factor of five and showing for the first time that it is possible to recover the complex exit wave (in modulus and phase) at atomic resolution, over an unlimited field of view, using low-energy (30 keV) electrons. Our method, called electron ptychography, has no fundamental experimental boundaries: further development of this proof-of-principle could revolutionize sub-atomic scale transmission imaging