HTA and Reimbursement Status of Metastatic Hormone‑Sensitive Prostate Cancer, Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, and Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treatments in Europe: A Patient Access Landscape Review

**Background:** Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, with up to one-third of men being diagnosed in their lifetime. Recently, novel therapies have received regulatory approval with significant improvement in overall survival for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, and nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. To improve decision-making regarding the value of anticancer therapies and support standardized assessment for use by health technology assessment (HTA) agencies, the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) has developed a Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (MCBS). **Objective:** This review aimed to map HTA status, reimbursement restrictions, and patient access for 3 advanced prostate cancer indications across 23 European countries during 2011-2021. **Methods:** HTA, country reimbursement lists, and ESMO-MCBS scorecards were reviewed for evidence and data across 26 European countries. **Results:** The analysis demonstrated that only in Greece, Germany, and Sweden was there full access across all included prostate cancer treatments. Treatments available for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer were widely reimbursed, with both abiraterone and enzalutamide accessible in all countries. In 3 countries (Hungary, the Netherlands, and Switzerland), there was a statistically significant difference (_P_<.05) between status of reimbursement and ESMO-MCBS “substantial benefit” (score of 4 or 5) vs “no substantial benefit” (score <4). **Conclusion:** Overall, the impact of the ESMO-MCBS on reimbursement decisions in Europe is unclear, with significant variation across the countries included in this review

Örnek olay tabanlı öğrenme yönteminin 11. sınıf öğrencilerinin asitler ve bazlar konusundaki kavramsal anlamalarına ve kimya dersini öğrenmeye yönelik motivasyonları üzerine etkisi.

In the last semi centennial, researches showed that constructivist learning methods are the most effective when it comes to students’ conceptual understanding and motivation, because of their activation of students’ prior knowledge that leads to meaningful learning. Thus, in this dissertation, the main purpose is to explore the effects of case-based learning, which is a type of constructivist learning method, on students’ understanding of acids and bases concepts and their motivation to learn chemistry when compared to traditionally designed teaching method on 11th grade students. 292 eleventh grade students from a total of eight classes of a chemistry course from two different school types in two different cities of Turkey in 2013-2014 spring semesters were enrolled in the study. The classes were randomly assigned as experimental and control group. Experimental group students were instructed by case-based learning method in which specific situations from real life were discussed whereas control group students were instructed by traditional method. The data were collected by the adapted version of Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ) that was restricted to chemistry and translated into Turkish by Çetin-Dindar and Geban (2010) and Acids and Bases Test (ABT) developed by the researcher. At the beginning of the implementation, in order to evaluate students’ prior knowledge and their motivation to learn chemistry the instruments ABT and CMQ were administered as pre-tests to both control and experimental groups. Throughout the eight weeks during the implementation, case based learning (CBL) instruction was used in the experimental group and the traditionally designed instruction was used in the control group. After the implementation, the instruments CMQ and ABT were again administered to both groups as post-tests to evaluate students’ understanding on acids and bases concepts and their motivation to learn chemistry. Afterwards, the collected data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The results of the study showed that case based learning instruction results in higher understanding of acids and bases concepts than the traditionally designed instruction method. Also, there was a significant difference between both groups in the favor of experimental group with respect to students’ motivation to learn chemistry. Moreover, the result of this study also proved students to have misconceptions related to acids and bases concepts and some new misconceptions were also introduced to the literature. Furthermore, case base learning (CBL) instruction was found to be effective on overcoming these misconceptions when compared to traditionally designed instruction method.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Serbest lie cebirlerinin endomorfizmlerinin sabit noktaları ve sabit nokta alt cebirleri

TEZ7739Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2010.Kaynakça (s. 79-80) var.iv, 81 s. ; 29 cm.In this thesis we show the existence of non-trivial fixed points of an IAendomorphism of a free metabelian Lie algebra L and develop an algorithm detecting them. We also prove that the fixed point subalgebra Fix? of an IA-endomorphism ? of L is not finitely generated. Then, we show that IA-endomorphisms of a free metabelian Lie algebra L of rank two has no non-trivial fixed points under certain conditions. Morover, in situation rank (L) ? 3, we construct an IA-endomorphism and we show that this IA-endomorphism is not an automorphism and has no non-trivial fixed points. Indeed, we show that there is an IA-automorphism without fixed points when rank (L) = 4 and rank (L) ? 5: In addition, we improve a technics for showing that the fixed point subalgebra of some automorphisms of a free Lie algebra and a free metabelian Lie algebra of rank two is not finitely generated. By using this technics, we determined whether the rank of the fixed point subalgebra of some tame and non-tame automorphisms is finite or not. Besides, in a free nilpotent Lie algebra, we determined the necessary condition for some automorphisms to have non-trivial fixed points and we show that the rank of the fixed point subalgebras of some automorphisms are finitely generated.Bu çalışmada serbest metabelyen Lie cebiri L nin bir IA-endomorfizminin aşikar olmayan sabit noktalarının olduğunu gösterdik ve aşikar olmayan sabit noktaları belirlemek için bir algoritma geliştirdik. Ayrıca, serbest metabelyen Lie cebirlerinde bir ?, IA-endomorfizminin sabit nokta alt cebiri Fix? nin sonlu üreteçli olmadığını gösterdik. Sonra, rankı 2 olan L serbest metabelyen Lie cebirinin IA-endomorfizminin belirlenen koşul altında aşikar olmayan sabit noktaya sahip olmadığını gösterdik. Ayrıca, rank (L) ? 3 olması durumunda bir IA-endomorfizm inşaa edip bu endomorfizmin otomorfizm olmadığını ve aşikar olmayan sabit noktaya sahip olmadığını gösterdik. rank (L) = 4 ve rank (L) ? 5 olması durumlarında IA-otomorfizmleri inşaa ederek bu otomorfizmlerin sıfır dışında sabit noktaya sahip olmadığını gösterdik. Daha sonra iki üreteçli serbest Lie cebirinin ve serbest metabelyen Lie cebirinin bazı otomorfizmlerinin sabit nokta alt cebirlerinin sonsuz ranklı olduğunu göstermek için bir teknik geliştirdik. Bu teknikle, belirli serbest Lie cebirlerinin bazı taşınabilir ve taşınamaz otomorfizmlerinin sabit nokta alt cebirlerinin rankının sonlu olup olmadığını belirledik. Daha sonra serbest nilpotent Lie cebirlerinin bazı otomorfizmlerinin aşikar olmayan sabit noktalarının olması için gerekli koşulu belirledik ve bazı otomorfizmler için sabit nokta alt cebirinin rankının sonlu olduğunu gösterdik.Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK-BİDEB tarafından desteklenmiştir

Exceptional enhancement of photoluminescence lifetime of ZnO nanorods making use of thiourea

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide band gap (Eg"' 3.37 eV at 300 K) semiconductor with good carrier mobility and can be doped n-type or p-type. It has many applications in much important area such as ultraviolet light emitting diodes and nanolaser. ZnO shows pronounced excitonic effects at high temperatures (> 300 K) due to its large exciton binding energy ( 60 me V). The material quality and optical properties of the nanostructures such as ZnO are commonly followed by using the photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements. TRPL provides significant information in relation to the exciton lifetime which is an important indicator for the material quality and efficiency of the radiative recombinati<,m. The lifetime is related to the radiative decay of the exciton polariton and various non-radiative processes, such as leak by deeplevel traps, low-lying surface states, and multiphonon scattering. The exciton polariton photoluminescence is, however, quite sensitive to the amount of defects and stmctural factors of the nanostructures. Different deposition methods as well as growth conditions play a key role for ZnO nanostmctures. The important one is chemical spray pyrolysis system which is elegant method to the preparation of good-quality ZnO nanostructures. This method has some advantage over the other methods as short time, cost-effective, catalyst, template-free. In present study, in order to obtain smaller ZnO nanorods, which is highly desirable in nanotechnology applications, we doped a little amount of thiourea (tu:CH4N2S) into zinc chloride (ZnC12) solution. ZnO nanorods and ZnO nanorods containing thiourea have been made on a cheaper ordinary glass by the chemical spray pyrolysis method at different substrate temperatures. Their optical and structural properties have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) techniques. The diameters of the ZnO nanorods decreased and, their height increased with containing thiourea additive. Besides, the photoluminescence lifetime of ZnO nanorods and ZnO nanorods containing thiourea were determined as r=l.56±0.05 ns (x2=0.9) and c=2.12±0.03 ns (x2=1.0), respectively. It was reported that the lifetime of ZnO nanorods was increased by thiourea addition because of the change of the dimension of ZnO nanorods containing thiourea compared to ZnO nanorods without thioure

Characteristic evaluation on spray-deposited WFTO thin films as a function of W doping ratio

Turgut, Guven/0000-0002-5724-516X; Dogan, Seydi/0000-0001-9785-4990; SONMEZ, ERDAL/0000-0002-6241-6314WOS: 000340392200011In this work, F and F + W simultaneously doped SnO2 highly transparent conducting thin films were deposited on glass substrates at (500 +/- A 5) A degrees C temperature by the spray pyrolysis method. Microstructural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of FTO films were investigated as a function of tungsten (W) doping, in the range from 0 to 5 at%. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the films exhibit a tetragonal cassiterite structure and (200) preferential orientation of FTO film, and the relative strength of these peaks changes with altering the W doping ratio. the preferred growth of (211) changed to (200) plane with 2 at% W doping level and 3 at% W-doped film had (200) orientation and with further doping, this changed to (110) orientation. the scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images of the films indicate that the films are made up of dense small particles of a pyramidal shape and have a smooth surface. It was observed that the surface morphology of the films did not change much when the W element was inserted to the FTO structure. It was found that the sheet resistance values of the films varied with W doping ratio, and 2 at% W-doped FTO thin film exhibited the lowest values of sheet resistance (1.12 a"broken vertical bar). Also, the highest figure of merit, infrared reflectivity and optical band gap values were calculated for 2 at% W-doped FTO film as 50.9 x 10(-2) a"broken vertical bar(-1), 98.82 % and 4.13 eV, respectively. These results make the films an effective candidate for usage in many optoelectronic applications and photo-thermal conversion of solar energy

The Multifaceted Presentation of the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Data from a Cluster Analysis.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) according to phenotypes of disease and define the prognostic factors for the severe course. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 293 patients with MIS-C from seven pediatric rheumatology centers. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to define the spectrum of disease and their outcomes were compared between each group. Results: Four subgroups were identified as follows: cluster I, predominantly Kawasaki-like features (n = 100); cluster II, predominantly MAS-like features (n = 34); cluster III, predominantly LV dysfunction (n = 47); cluster IV, other presentations (n = 112). The duration of fever was longer in cluster II and the length of hospitalization was longer in both clusters II and III. Laboratory findings revealed lower lymphocyte and platelet counts and higher acute phase reactants (APRs) in cluster II, while patients in cluster IV showed less inflammation with lower APRs. The resolution of abnormal laboratory findings was longer in clusters II and III, while it was shortest in cluster IV. Seven patients died. Among them, four belonged to cluster II, while three were labeled as cluster III. Patients with severe course had higher levels of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, mean platelet volume, procalcitonin, ferritin, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, D-Dimer, BNP, and troponin-I, and lower levels of lymphocyte and platelet counts. Conclusion: As shown, MIS-C is not a single disease presenting with various clinical features and outcomes. Understanding the disease spectrum will provide individualized management