63 research outputs found

    Solar wind sputtering of dust on the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

    Get PDF
    International audienceFar away from the Sun, at around 3 AU, the activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is low and changes with local time (solar insolation), with location (chemical heterogeneity of the surface), and with season. When the activity is very low because the total cross section of the comet against the Sun is small, the solar wind has access to the surface of the comet and causes ion-induced sputtering of surface material, which we wish to observe.Methods. We used the Double Focussing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) of the ROSINA experiment on ESA’s Rosetta mission to search for mass spectrometric evidence of sputtered refractory species. In high-resolution mode, DFMS can separate some of the mass peaks of refractory elements from the many volatile species present in the coma.Results. At present, the locations of solar wind surface access are in the southern hemisphere of the comet (the local winter). Of particular interest is sputtering of dust grains on the surface. We observe global averages over the winter hemisphere of the refractory elements Na, K, Si, and Ca, presumably sputtered from grains residing on the surface. Compared to carbonaceous chondrites, the comet has the same Na abundance, is depleted in Ca, and has an excess of K. In addition, for Si the signal strength is strong enough to compile a coarse compositional map of the southern hemisphere. Most, perhaps all, of the observed variation can be explained by the solar wind being affected by the atmosphere of the comet

    Sulphur-bearing species in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

    Get PDF
    Several sulphur-bearing species have already been observed in different families of comets. However, the knowledge on the minor sulphur species is still limited. The comet’s sulphur inventory is closely linked to the pre-solar cloud and holds important clues to the degree of reprocessing of the material in the solar nebula and during comet accretion. Sulphur in pre-solar clouds is highly depleted, which is quite puzzling as the S/O ratio in the diffuse interstellar medium is cosmic. This work focuses on the abundance of the previously known species H2S, OCS, SO, S2, SO2 and CS2 in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko measured by Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer between equinox and perihelion 2015. Furthermore, we present the first detection of S3, S4, CH3SH and C2H6S in a comet, and we determine the elemental abundance of S/O in the bulk ice of (1.47 ± 0.05) × 10−2. We show that SO is present in the coma originating from the nucleus, but not CS in the case of 67P, and for the first time establish that S2 is present in a volatile and a refractory phase. The derived total elemental sulphur abundance of 67P is in agreement with solar photospheric elemental abundances and shows no sulphur depletion as reported for dense interstellar clouds. Also the presence of S2 at heliocentric distances larger than 3 au indicates that sulphur-bearing species have been processed by radiolysis in the pre-solar cloud and that at least some of the ice from this cloud has survived in comets up the present

    Halogens as tracers of protosolar nebula material in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

    Get PDF
    We report the first in situ detection of halogens in a cometary coma, that of 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko. Neutral gas mass spectra collected by the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft during four periods of interest from the first comet encounter up to perihelion indicate that the main halogen-bearing compounds are HF, HCl and HBr. The bulk elemental abundances relative to oxygen are ~8.9 × 10⁻⁔ for F/O, ~1.2 × 10⁻⁎ for Cl/O and ~2.5 × 10⁻⁶ for Br/O, for the volatile fraction of the comet. The cometary isotopic ratios for ³⁷Cl/³⁔Cl and ⁞ÂčBr/⁷âčBr match the Solar system values within the error margins. The observations point to an origin of the hydrogen halides in molecular cloud chemistry, with frozen hydrogen halides on dust grains, and a subsequent incorporation into comets as the cloud condensed and the Solar system formed

    Novel Time-of-Flight Residual Gas Analyzer (TOF-RGA) for in situ Real-time Process Monitoring

    Get PDF
    Sensitive gas analyses, in particular in industrial processes, are nowadays performed either via spectroscopy or using quadrupole mass spectrometers; the first method provides a fast but indirect measurement, whereas the second provides in situ measurements of only one species at a time. In this article, we present a novel time-of-flight residual gas analyzer (TOF-RGA) built by the Swiss company Spacetek Technology AG, and show the results of measurements such as the characterization of the FC5311 calibration compound, the detection of naturally abundant noble gases in air, the measurement of a noble gas mixture in the ultra-high vacuum facilities of CERN, and measurements acquired in a X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy facility in Germany, to demonstrate the capability of this new TOF-RGA to compete with already existing techniques for the monitoring of the composition of gases in real time (10 times per second), at high resolution (m/?m = 1 200 measured at m/z 132), and with a high sensitivity at ppb level

    Les découvertes de fulûs des fouilles archéologiques de Saragosse

    No full text
    Au regard des trouvailles monĂ©taires fortuites, le nombre de monnaies dont les conditions de dĂ©couverte peuvent ĂȘtre dĂ©finies avec prĂ©cision semble rĂ©duit et le contexte stratigraphique demeure bien souvent inconnu. MalgrĂ© une bibliographie abondante et une dense couverture scientifique des dĂ©couvertes, anciennes ou rĂ©centes, les monnaies arabo-andalouses ne semblaient pas Ă©chapper Ă  ce constat, en particulier en ce qui concerne les monnaies de cuivre (fulĂ»s), qui reprĂ©sentent pourtant la maj..

    Ruth Pliego Våzquez, La moneda visigoda (2 vol.)

    No full text
    La singularitĂ© des monnaies wisigothiques a suscitĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt des chercheurs et des numismates espagnols dĂšs le xve siĂšcle. MalgrĂ© une historiographie relativement abondante et l’utilisation de cette source par les historiens spĂ©cialistes du royaume de TolĂšde, peu de nouveaux travaux avaient vu le jour depuis la publication du catalogue de G. C. Miles en 1952. AprĂšs cette pĂ©riode moins prolifique, deux catalogues rĂ©cents sont Ă  mettre en avant : le Corpus Numorum Visigothorum (2006), adressĂ© ..

    Sensitivity and Fragmentation Calibration of the ROSINA Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

    Get PDF
    The goal of this work was to increase the performance and to calibrate one of the ROSINA sensors, the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer, currently flying aboard the ESA Rosetta spacecraft. Different optimization techniques were applied to both the lab and space models, and a static calibration was performed using different gas species expected to be detected in the vicinity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The database thus created was successfully applied to space data, giving consistent results with the other ROSINA sensors

    Alimentation, pratiques agraires et ressources combustibles en al-Andalus rural : regard archéobotanique

    No full text
    International audienceCertains travaux conduits Ă  partir de la lecture des sources Ă©crites sur l’agriculture arabo-musulmane en al-Andalus (par ex. Watson 1983 rĂ©ed. 2008) rappellent que le dĂ©but de la pĂ©riode islamique en Occident (VIIe s.) correspond Ă  une diversification de la gamme disponible des plantes utilitaires, accrue par l’innovation agronomique et technique (nouvelles techniques d’irrigation, valorisation des sols pauvres, usage intensif d’engrais organiques, art de la greffe, essor des cultures d’étĂ©), la diffusion de nouvelles espĂšces et la diversification des variĂ©tĂ©s. Une rĂ©cente compilation des cultures pratiquĂ©es en al-Andalus Ă  partir des sources textuelles recense ainsi quarante-sept plantes introduites ou diffusĂ©es par les Arabes (Albertini 2013). Cette diffusion vers l’ouest de plantes et de techniques agraires considĂ©rĂ©es comme nouvelles sont perçues comme une « rĂ©volution » agricole, engagĂ©e d’abord au Moyen–Orient, en Afrique du Nord, puis en Espagne. Des travaux postĂ©rieurs (Aubaile-Sallenave 1984 ; Decker 2009) ont modĂ©rĂ© cette interprĂ©tation, en reprochant le parti pris d’A. Watson sur le rĂŽle novateur des techniques agricoles arabes et sa vision trop linĂ©aire sur la diffusion des idĂ©es et des biens qui dĂ©value les savoirs techniques et botaniques hĂ©ritĂ©s des agronomies grĂ©co-romaine, byzantine et babylonienne (Bolens 1974 ; Butzer et al. 1985 ; El FaĂŻz 2000). Actuellement, la majeure partie des connaissances concernant l’agriculture en al-Andalus repose sur deux types de sources : les mentions textuelles, de toute nature (i.e. traitĂ©s agronomiques, culinaires, mĂ©dicaux, etc.) et les sources iconographiques (i.e. illustrations de textes bibliques, de rĂ©cits de voyage, de traitĂ©s d’agriculture, de cuisine, etc.). Cette documentation, d’une grande diversitĂ©, ne permet d’aborder l’alimentation et l’agriculture que par une vision partielle, Ă  savoir celle de l’élite sociale (aristocratie) et intellectuelle (savants, agronomes, mĂ©decins, etc.). A l’inverse, peu de sources Ă©crites dĂ©crivent les comportements alimentaires et les pratiques agropastorales du monde rural en al-Andalus. En cela, l’étude des vestiges matĂ©riels, en l’occurrence archĂ©obotaniques, semble ĂȘtre la piste la plus prometteuse pour documenter ces questions. Depuis 2013, des Ă©tudes carpologiques et anthracologiques sont menĂ©es dans deux Ă©tablissements ruraux islamiques : Albalat (EstrĂ©madure, Espagne) et Las Sillas (Aragon, Espagne). Ces Ă©tudes, reposant sur prĂšs de 150 Ă©chantillons extraits de contextes variĂ©s, domestiques (cuisines, fours, greniers, patios) et artisanaux (forges), permettent de proposer une premiĂšre lecture des spectres et pratiques agro-pastorales passĂ©s. Au total, 22 plantes cultivĂ©es/cueillies ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es : 8 cĂ©rĂ©ales, 2 lĂ©gumineuses, 1 plante olĂ©agineuse/technique, 11 fruitiers, auxquelles s’ajoutent prĂšs d’une quarantaine de taxons sauvages. Cette communication visera (1) Ă  caractĂ©riser les pratiques alimentaires, agraires et les espaces exploitĂ©s en al-Andalus rural, et (2) Ă  mettre en Ă©vidence les signes d’une Ă©ventuelle « rĂ©volution » agricole islamique
    • 

    corecore