40 research outputs found

    How effective are biodiversity conservation payments in Mexico?

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    We assess the additional forest cover protected by 13 rural communities located in the southern state of Chiapas, Mexico, as a result of the economic incentives received through the country's national program of payments for biodiversity conservation. We use spatially explicit data at the intra-community level to define a credible counterfactual of conservation outcomes.We use covariate-matching specifications associated with spatially explicit variables and difference-in-difference estimators to determine the treatment effect. We estimate that the additional conservation represents between 12 and 14.7 percent of forest area enrolled in the program in comparison to control areas. Despite this high degree of additionality, we also observe lack of compliance in some plots participating in the PES program. This lack of compliance casts doubt on the ability of payments alone to guarantee long-term additionality in context of high deforestation rates, even with an augmented program budget or extension of participation to communities not yet enrolled. (Résumé d'auteur

    Assessing the effectiveness of payments for environmental services in improving community-based forest conservation in Chiapas, Mexico

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    Varios instrumentos económicos diseñados con la finalidad de terminar la deforestación tropical, han sido puestos en práctica en países en desarrollo en estas últimas décadas. Dentro de esos instrumentos, los Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA, también llamados Pagos por Servicios Ecosistémicos) han sido teorizados como mecanismos basados en contratos, que otorgan incentivos para conservar los bosques de manera costo-efectiva. Las pruebas del desempeño de los PSA son recientes y escasas, principalmente en relación su efectividad ambiental pero también en su capacidad de causar un cambio de comportamiento por parte de los usuarios de bosques y de mejorar la acción colectiva entre las agencias gubernamentales y las instituciones comunitarias, para lograr el mejoramiento de la conservación de los bosques a largo plazo. Esta tesis doctoral pretende evaluar cómo se ponen en práctica los PSA en bosques con tenencia colectiva en el estado de Chiapas, México. En particular, esta tesis investiga: i) si los PSA generan conservación adicional de los bosques durante el tiempo del contrato; ii) qué influencia tienen los prestadores de servicios técnicos sobre la puesta en práctica de los PSA; iii) cuáles son las preferencias de los miembros de comunidades participantes sobre las características de los contratos de PSA y iv) cómo los miembros de comunidad participantes pueden transformar los requerimientos de los PSA en instituciones de manejo forestal socialmente aceptadas y colectivamente cumplidas. La recopilacion de datos esta basada en metodologias cualitativas y cuantitativas, y este tesis esta enfocada en un case de studio que comprende varias escalas de analisis, estatal, reginal y al nivel de comunidad. Los resultados de la presente tesis contribuyen a debates actuales sobre el desempeño ambiental y las consecuencias sociales e institucionales de los PSA. Los resultados sugieren que los PSA pueden reducir significativamente la deforestación durante la vigencia de un contrato, pero que una mezcla de políticas complementarias es necesaria para institucionalizar un mejor manejo forestal tanto a nivel intra-comunitario como en las relaciones entre miembros de las comunidades, agencias gubernamentales y otras partes interesadas. Solamente trabajar con líderes comunitarios para adaptar contratos de PSA a las normas sociales y a las características institucionales de las comunidades, puede parecer efectivo a corto plazo, pero podría también deteriorar la acción colectiva si los líderes acumulan privilegios a través del control que ejercen sobre la puesta en práctica de los PSA. Cabe subrayar también que, a pesar de que no todos los prestadores de servicios técnicos tengan la capacidad o el deseo de supervisar la participación colectiva y el cumplimiento de los PSA, éstos son actores claves para internalizar los incentivos derivados de los PSA dentro de las normas sociales y comunitarias, permitiendo la conservación de los bosques y coordinando la transformación de las instituciones locales que organizan la conservación de los bosques. Los legisladores deberían proponer PSA más adaptados a los contextos locales que permitan analizar y resolver las fallas de acción colectiva y reforzar los arreglos institucionales qué organizan el manejo de los recursos naturales. La investigación interdisciplinaria puede permitir entender mejor las condiciones favoreciendo tal cambio institucional a través de mecanismos basados en contratos.A range of economic instruments aiming at stopping tropical deforestation has been implemented in developing countries over the past few decades. Among these, Payments for Environmental Services (PES, also called Payments for Ecosystem Services) have been theorized as contract-based mechanisms that provide incentives to better conserve forests in a cost-effective way. However, evidence about their performance is still recent and scarce, notably their environmental effectiveness but also their ability to induce forest managers’ behavioral change and foster collective action between governmental agencies and community institutions for achieving long-term forest conservation. This dissertation aims at evaluating the implementation of PES in collectively-owned forests in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Specifically, it investigates i) if PES are generating additional forest conservation outcomes during contract implementation; ii) the influence of technical service providers over PES implementation; iii) what are the preferences of community members regarding PES contract characteristics; and iv) the extent to which community members are able to translate PES requirements into socially embedded and collectively enforced forest management institutions. Data collection relies on both qualitative and quantitative methods, adopting a case-study approach that comprises several analytical scales: state, regional and community levels. Overall, the findings of this dissertation contribute to current debates on the environmental performance and social and institutional repercussions of PES. They suggest that PES can significantly reduce deforestation during contract implementation, but complementary policy-mixes are needed to institutionalize forest management rules both into community institutions and between community members, governmental agencies and other stakeholders. Strategies targeting community leaders to adapt PES contracts to social norms and institutional characteristics of communities may appear effective in the short-term but could also lead to degraded collective action if these leaders increase their privilege through their control of PES implementation. Although not all technical service providers have the capacity or the desire to supervise community participation and compliance, these actors are key to internalize PES incentives into the communities’ social norms framing conservation and to coordinate a transformation of local institutions shaping forest management. Policy makers should therefore consider more context-sensitive PES implementation approaches to analyze and resolve failures in collective action and subsequently recraft institutional arrangements governing natural resources management. Interdisciplinary research frameworks could contribute to better understand the critical conditions enabling such institutional change through monetary incentives

    Efectivitat dels pagaments per conservar la biodiversitat a Mèxic

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    Les polítiques de conservació de la biodiversitat basades en l'ús d'incentius econòmics s'estan estenent per tot el món, especialment als països en desenvolupament, però manquen estudis sobre la seva efectivitat. Aquest treball ha avaluat la coberta forestal protegida per 13 comunitats rurals a Chiapas, Mèxic. Els resultats mostren que, en general, hi ha hagut una major protecció en aquelles parcel·les inscrites al programa, tot i la manca de compliment en algunes d'elles, fet que posa en dubte l'eficàcia d'aquest sistema a llarg termini.Las políticas de conservación de la biodiversidad basadas en el uso de incentivos económicos se están extendiendo por todo el mundo, especialmente en los países en desarrollo, pero faltan estudios sobre su efectividad. Este trabajo ha evaluado la cubierta forestal protegida por 13 comunidades rurales en Chiapas, México. Los resultados muestran que, en general, ha habido una mayor protección en aquellas parcelas inscritas en el programa, a pesar de la falta de cumplimiento en algunas de ellas, lo que pone en duda la eficacia de este sistema a largo plazo.Biodiversity conservation policies based on the use of economic incentives are spreading around the world, especially in developing countries, but there is a lack of studies on their effectiveness. This paper has evaluated the forest cover protected by 13 rural communities in Chiapas, Mexico. The results show that, in general, there have been a greater protection on those parcels registered in the program, despite the lack of compliance in some of them, which casts doubt on the effectiveness of this system in the long term

    Assessing the effectiveness of payments for environmental services in improving community-based forest conservation in Chiapas, Mexico /

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    Bibliografia.Varios instrumentos económicos diseñados con la finalidad de terminar la deforestación tropical, han sido puestos en práctica en países en desarrollo en estas últimas décadas. Dentro de esos instrumentos, los Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA, también llamados Pagos por Servicios Ecosistémicos) han sido teorizados como mecanismos basados en contratos, que otorgan incentivos para conservar los bosques de manera costo-efectiva. Las pruebas del desempeño de los PSA son recientes y escasas, principalmente en relación su efectividad ambiental pero también en su capacidad de causar un cambio de comportamiento por parte de los usuarios de bosques y de mejorar la acción colectiva entre las agencias gubernamentales y las instituciones comunitarias, para lograr el mejoramiento de la conservación de los bosques a largo plazo. Esta tesis doctoral pretende evaluar cómo se ponen en práctica los PSA en bosques con tenencia colectiva en el estado de Chiapas, México. En particular, esta tesis investiga: i) si los PSA generan conservación adicional de los bosques durante el tiempo del contrato; ii) qué influencia tienen los prestadores de servicios técnicos sobre la puesta en práctica de los PSA; iii) cuáles son las preferencias de los miembros de comunidades participantes sobre las características de los contratos de PSA y iv) cómo los miembros de comunidad participantes pueden transformar los requerimientos de los PSA en instituciones de manejo forestal socialmente aceptadas y colectivamente cumplidas. La recopilacion de datos esta basada en metodologias cualitativas y cuantitativas, y este tesis esta enfocada en un case de studio que comprende varias escalas de analisis, estatal, reginal y al nivel de comunidad. Los resultados de la presente tesis contribuyen a debates actuales sobre el desempeño ambiental y las consecuencias sociales e institucionales de los PSA. Los resultados sugieren que los PSA pueden reducir significativamente la deforestación durante la vigencia de un contrato, pero que una mezcla de políticas complementarias es necesaria para institucionalizar un mejor manejo forestal tanto a nivel intra-comunitario como en las relaciones entre miembros de las comunidades, agencias gubernamentales y otras partes interesadas. Solamente trabajar con líderes comunitarios para adaptar contratos de PSA a las normas sociales y a las características institucionales de las comunidades, puede parecer efectivo a corto plazo, pero podría también deteriorar la acción colectiva si los líderes acumulan privilegios a través del control que ejercen sobre la puesta en práctica de los PSA. Cabe subrayar también que, a pesar de que no todos los prestadores de servicios técnicos tengan la capacidad o el deseo de supervisar la participación colectiva y el cumplimiento de los PSA, éstos son actores claves para internalizar los incentivos derivados de los PSA dentro de las normas sociales y comunitarias, permitiendo la conservación de los bosques y coordinando la transformación de las instituciones locales que organizan la conservación de los bosques. Los legisladores deberían proponer PSA más adaptados a los contextos locales que permitan analizar y resolver las fallas de acción colectiva y reforzar los arreglos institucionales qué organizan el manejo de los recursos naturales. La investigación interdisciplinaria puede permitir entender mejor las condiciones favoreciendo tal cambio institucional a través de mecanismos basados en contratos.A range of economic instruments aiming at stopping tropical deforestation has been implemented in developing countries over the past few decades. Among these, Payments for Environmental Services (PES, also called Payments for Ecosystem Services) have been theorized as contract-based mechanisms that provide incentives to better conserve forests in a cost-effective way. However, evidence about their performance is still recent and scarce, notably their environmental effectiveness but also their ability to induce forest managers' behavioral change and foster collective action between governmental agencies and community institutions for achieving long-term forest conservation. This dissertation aims at evaluating the implementation of PES in collectively-owned forests in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Specifically, it investigates i) if PES are generating additional forest conservation outcomes during contract implementation; ii) the influence of technical service providers over PES implementation; iii) what are the preferences of community members regarding PES contract characteristics; and iv) the extent to which community members are able to translate PES requirements into socially embedded and collectively enforced forest management institutions. Data collection relies on both qualitative and quantitative methods, adopting a case-study approach that comprises several analytical scales: state, regional and community levels. Overall, the findings of this dissertation contribute to current debates on the environmental performance and social and institutional repercussions of PES. They suggest that PES can significantly reduce deforestation during contract implementation, but complementary policy-mixes are needed to institutionalize forest management rules both into community institutions and between community members, governmental agencies and other stakeholders. Strategies targeting community leaders to adapt PES contracts to social norms and institutional characteristics of communities may appear effective in the short-term but could also lead to degraded collective action if these leaders increase their privilege through their control of PES implementation. Although not all technical service providers have the capacity or the desire to supervise community participation and compliance, these actors are key to internalize PES incentives into the communities' social norms framing conservation and to coordinate a transformation of local institutions shaping forest management. Policy makers should therefore consider more context-sensitive PES implementation approaches to analyze and resolve failures in collective action and subsequently recraft institutional arrangements governing natural resources management. Interdisciplinary research frameworks could contribute to better understand the critical conditions enabling such institutional change through monetary incentives

    Cash only? Unveiling preferences for a PES contract through a choice experiment in Chiapas, Mexico

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    Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) have been promoted worldwide as a means to incentivise biodiversity, forest conservation and sustainable forest management. Mexico has been at the forefront of PES implementation since 2003, and the country has now more than 2.6 million hectares under a variety of PES contracts. In this article, we perform a choice experiment with a group of 82 community forest owners who are receiving a payment for providing biodiversity-related ecosystem services in the state of Chiapas. Considering possible future evolutions in contract design, we explore individuals preferences over contract characteristics including who is involved in deciding the parcels to be included in the contract, the type of technical intermediary, the level of payment and the type of incentive (either in individual cash payments or in collective investments). Our results show a reluctance to decide collectively on issues related to forest conservation, as well as on dedicating a share of payments to collective projects. We find strong individual preferences for payments in cash, even when the amount of monetary compensation is lower than in the existing PES contract, and we show that most participants value positively the help received by external service providers in PES implementation. An analysis of preference heterogeneity suggests that community leaders play a key role in moderating individual preferences and enhancing participation structured around working groups. We thus argue that the willingness to accept a PES program is greatly dependent on local governance factors. As such, exploring ways for PES contractual options to match the diversity of local conditions and individual preferences – allowing a modular allocation of PES into cash or investment on an individual or collective basis- could further stimulate participation in Mexico's PES programme. (Résumé d'auteur

    Sustained participation in a payments for ecosystem services program reduces deforestation in a Mexican agricultural frontier

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    Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MPayments for Ecosystem Services (PES) provide conditional incentives for forest conservation. PES short-term effects on deforestation are well-documented, but we know less about program effectiveness when participation is sustained over time. Here, we assess the impact of consecutive renewals of PES contracts on deforestation and forest degradation in three municipalities of the Selva Lacandona (Chiapas, Mexico). PES reduced deforestation both after a single 5-year contract and after two consecutive contracts, but the impacts are only detectable in higher deforestation-risk parcels. Enrollment duration increases PES impact in these parcels, which suggests a positive cumulative effect over time. These findings suggest that improved spatial targeting and longer-term enrollment are key enabling factors to improve forest conservation outcomes in agricultural frontiers. © 2023, The Author(s)

    How effective are biodiversity conservation payments in Mexico?

    No full text
    We assess the additional forest cover protected by 13 rural communities located in the southern state of Chiapas, Mexico, as a result of the economic incentives received through the country's national program of payments for biodiversity conservation. We use spatially explicit data at the intra-community level to define a credible counterfactual of conservation outcomes. We use covariate-matching specifications associated with spatially explicit variables and difference-in-difference estimators to determine the treatment effect. We estimate that the additional conservation represents between 12 and 14.7 percent of forest area enrolled in the program in comparison to control areas. Despite this high degree of additionality, we also observe lack of compliance in some plots participating in the PES program. This lack of compliance casts doubt on the ability of payments alone to guarantee long-term additionality in context of high deforestation rates, even with an augmented program budget or extension of participation to communities not yet enrolled
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