La difusión tecnológica en Andalucía. Una explotación de las tablas input-output (1975-1990)

El objeto del presente trabajo consiste en reflejar el nivel que alcanza la difusión de la tecnología en la industria andaluza y dar respuesta al retraso que padece. Bajo la base de las tablas input-output señalamos el comportamiento que sigue la industria en el ámbito tecnológico, diferenciando su conducta del resto de la economía, dedicando especial atención a determinados sectores clave. Los datos indican que los sectores más activos tecnológicamente “a priori” también lo son en Andalucía. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos para incorporar o difundir tecnologías de baja, media o alta intensidad presentan unas diferencias que ayudan a comprender el retraso al que hemos hecho mención

A computer vision system based on majority-voting ensemble neural network for the automatic classification of three chickpea varieties

Producción CientíficaSince different varieties of crops have specific applications, it is therefore important to properly identify each cultivar, in order to avoid fake varieties being sold as genuine, i.e., fraud. Despite that properly trained human experts might accurately identify and classify crop varieties, computer vision systems are needed since conditions such as fatigue, reproducibility, and so on, can influence the expert’s judgment and assessment. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume at the world-level and has several varieties. Three chickpea varieties with a rather similar visual appearance were studied here: Adel, Arman, and Azad chickpeas. The purpose of this paper is to present a computer vision system for the automatic classification of those chickpea varieties. First, segmentation was performed using an Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI) color space threshold. Next, color and textural (from the gray level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM) properties (features) were extracted from the chickpea sample images. Then, using the hybrid artificial neural network-cultural algorithm (ANN-CA), the sub-optimal combination of the five most effective properties (mean of the RGB color space components, mean of the HSI color space components, entropy of GLCM matrix at 90°, standard deviation of GLCM matrix at 0°, and mean third component in YCbCr color space) were selected as discriminant features. Finally, an ANN-PSO/ACO/HS majority voting (MV) ensemble methodology merging three different classifier outputs, namely the hybrid artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO), hybrid artificial neural network-ant colony optimization (ANN-ACO), and hybrid artificial neural network-harmonic search (ANN-HS), was used. Results showed that the ensemble ANN-PSO/ACO/HS-MV classifier approach reached an average classification accuracy of 99.10 ± 0.75% over the test set, after averaging 1000 random iterations.Unión Europea (project 585596-EPP-1-2017-1-DE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP

La difusión tecnológica en la industria andaluza : un análisis a partir de las tablas input-output

El objeto del presento trabajo consiste en reflejar el nivel que alcanzo la difusión de la tecnología en la industria andaluza y dar respuesta al retraso que padece. Sobre lo base de las tablas input-output se señala el comportamiento que sigue la industrio en el ámbito tecnológico, diferenciando su conducta del resto de la economía, dedicando especial atención o determinados sectores clave. Los datos indican que los sectores más activos tecnológicamente o priori también lo son en Andalucía. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos por incorporar o difundir tecnologías de bolo, medio o alta intensidad presentan unos diferencias que ayudan o comprender el retraso al que hemos hecho mención

Weed Classification for Site-Specific Weed Management Using an Automated Stereo Computer-Vision Machine-Learning System in Rice Fields

Producción CientíficaSite-specific weed management and selective application of herbicides as eco-friendly techniques are still challenging tasks to perform, especially for densely cultivated crops, such as rice. This study is aimed at developing a stereo vision system for distinguishing between rice plants and weeds and further discriminating two types of weeds in a rice field by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and two metaheuristic algorithms. For this purpose, stereo videos were recorded across the rice field and different channels were extracted and decomposed into the constituent frames. Next, upon pre-processing and segmentation of the frames, green plants were extracted out of the background. For accurate discrimination of the rice and weeds, a total of 302 color, shape, and texture features were identified. Two metaheuristic algorithms, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the bee algorithm (BA), were used to optimize the neural network for selecting the most effective features and classifying different types of weeds, respectively. Comparing the proposed classification method with the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier, it was found that the proposed ANN-BA classifier reached accuracies of 88.74% and 87.96% for right and left channels, respectively, over the test set. Taking into account either the arithmetic or the geometric means as the basis, the accuracies were increased up to 92.02% and 90.7%, respectively, over the test set. On the other hand, the KNN suffered from more cases of misclassification, as compared to the proposed ANN-BA classifier, generating an overall accuracy of 76.62% and 85.59% for the classification of the right and left channel data, respectively, and 85.84% and 84.07% for the arithmetic and geometric mean values, respectively

An optofluidic planar microreactor with photoactive Cu2O/Mo2C/TiO2 heterostructures for enhanced visible light-driven CO2 conversion to methanol

Mixing TiO2 with Mo2C has recently been proposed to improve the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to methanol under visible light irradiation, although further efforts are still needed to enhance process performance. In this context, the use of p-type semiconductors (i.e., Cu2O) in co-doping strategies can enhance not only the redistribution of electric charges due to its narrowing bandgap, but also the selectivity of the reaction towards methanol. This work focuses on the development of a continuous visible light-driven CO2 photoconversion to methanol process in an optofluidic microreactor using Cu2O/Mo2C/TiO2 heterostructures. A significant improvement in process performance can be seen under visible light with the heterostructures containing 4 wt% of Cu2O. Superior methanol production rates (36.3 µmol∙g−1∙h−1) with an apparent quantum yield = 0.64% and a reaction selectivity = 0.93 are reached, in comparison with the results achieved at Cu2O-free Mo2C/TiO2 photocatalytic surfaces (11.8 µmol∙g−1∙h−1, 0.21% and 0.92, respectively). This can be adscribed to the role of Cu2O in the selectivity of the reaction towards methanol. The synergetic effect between Cu2O, Mo2C, and TiO2 in the heterostructures may also provoke a more efficient charge separation and transfer, while enhancing the visible light absorption properties of the material and its photocatalytic stability. The maximum methanol rate outperforms most of the values previously reported in slurry batch reactors and evidences the possibility of enhancing the continuous visible light-driven CO2-to-methanol photoconversion process with efficient metal co-doping approaches in optofluidic microreactors.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) under the projects PID2019-104050RA-I00 and PID2020-117586RB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. G.G. would also like to thank the Canarian Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society (ACIISI, ProID2021010098), as well as NANOtec, INTech, Cabildo de Tenerife, SEGAI (ULL) for laboratory facilities, and the Laser Spectroscopy and High Pressure Group (ULL) for diffuse reflectance measurements. I.H. also acknowledges the funding by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant No. MAT2016-80438-P

Guía para el Uso del Crowdfunding a Base de Recompensas en Costa Rica

Proyecto de graduación (Licenciatura en Administración de Empresas. Enfasis en Finanzas) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Administración de Empresas, 201

El acceso a la Universidad según la LOMCE y su aplicación en las Comunidades Autónomas

El presente trabajo recoge las diferentes formas de acceso a la universidad existentes en España a lo largo de la historia, incidiendo especialmente en la recogida en la última ley educativa: Ley Orgánica 8/2013 de 9 de diciembre, para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa. El acceso a la universidad no se puede entender como una pieza aislada, sino que se debe entender en el conjunto de piezas que supone el sistema educativo español, por lo que también se recoge una explicación sobre el derecho a la educación, sus orígenes e historia así como un examen de las diferentes leyes educativas y el análisis del sistema universitario y el derecho de ésta a la autonomía, todo ello siempre relacionado con el principal objetivo del trabajo que, tal y como he expuesto, es conocer las diferentes formas de acceso a la universidad contempladas a lo largo de nuestra historia

2M1 phlogopite–muscovite series minerals at increasing pressure to 9 GPa. I Atomic volumes and compressibilities

Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Authors are thankful to Andalusian project P18-RT-3786 for financial support, and to the Computational Centers of the University of Granada and CSIC for computational facilities.Muscovite (Ms) and phlogopite (Phl) series mineral is studied in the 2M1 polytype and modeled by the substitution of three Mg2+ cations in the three octahedral sites of Phl [KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2] by two Al3+ and one vacancy, increasing the substitution up to reach the Ms [KAl2□(Si3Al)O10(OH)2]. The series was computationally examined at DFT using Quantum ESPRESSO, as a function of pressure from − 3 to 9 GPa. Crystal structure is calculated, and cell parameters, and geometry of atomic groups agree with experimental values. OH in the Mg2+ octahedrons are approximately perpendicular to the (001) plane, meanwhile when they are in Al3+, octahedral groups are approximately parallel to this plane. From Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules, the atomic basins are calculated as a function of the pressure, K+ and basal O show the largest volumes. The bulk excess volume (Vxs) and the excess atomic volumes are analyzed as a function of the composition and the pressure. K+, basal and apical O Vxs show a behavior similar to the bulk Vxs as a function of the composition, keeping qualitatively this behavior as a function of pressure; substituent atoms do not show a Vxs behavior similar to the bulk and their effect consequently is mostly translated to atoms in the interlayer space. Atomic compressibilities are also calculated. Atomic compressibilities are separated in the different sheets of the crystal cell. Atomic moduli of K and basal O are the lowest and the ones behaving as the bulk modulus of the series. The atomic bulk modulus of the H’s is different depending of their position with respect to the (001) plane.CRUE-CSICAndalusian project P18-RT-378