Inspección y análisis científico de las torres atalaya que defendieron el último reino islámico de la Península Ibérica

The Islamic Nasrid kingdom of Granada occupied the mountainous areas of the south-eastern area of the Iberian Peninsula. The Baetic mountain range worked as a natural frontier between the Nasrid kingdom and the Christian kingdom of Castile from 1232 to 1492. An extensive network of watchtowers was built by Nasrid to control this frontier stablishing visual communication between them and the Nasrid centre at the Alhambra citadel. Many of them are still standing, disperse through the provinces of Granada, Malaga, Almeria and the eastern parts of Jaen, Cordoba and Cadiz. Even being this military architecture protected by Spanish Heritage law, many of these medieval towers and their cultural landscapes are in severe risk. There are studies of individual towers, but any global comparative study has been developed. For this reason, within the framework of the R&D project called ‘Las atalayas que defendieron el reino nazarí de Granada. Análisis y documentación científica (Nazalaya)” (HAR2016-79689-P) financed by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain, the towers are being studied as individual exemplars as well as components of the same typological group. This generates a complete documentation constituted by a homogenous and exhaustively planimetry which supplements the existing information and enabling comparative analysis. Furthermore complete architectural surveys are being carried out using techniques as photogrammetry. In addition to the analysis of construction systems, the structural safety of these towers is evaluated formulating guidelines for its restoration.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Proyecto del Plan Nacional I+D+i (Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia) entitled ‘Las atalayas que defendieron el reino nazarí de Granada. Análisis y documentación científica (Nazalaya)’ (HAR2016-79689-P) Proyecto de Investigación Precompetitivo (mod. A) del Plan Propio de la Universidad de Málaga ‘La construcción de un paisaje: arquitectura de tapial en la Alta Andalucía en el siglo XIII. Estudio y análisis del sistema de torres andalusíes en el valle de Segura de la Sierra’ X Convocatoria de Proyectos de Investigación de la Fundación Pública Andaluza Centro de Estudios Andaluces en la modalidad de proyectos individuales, PRY/259/17 ‘Torres medievales y modernas conservadas en Andalucía. Documentación gráfica, análisis científico e interrelaciones

L'ensenyament formal sobre qüestions ambientals complementa o substitueix els coneixements tradicionals?

L'educació formal als pobles indígenes sol suposar un increment en el coneixement acadèmic, en detriment del tradicional. Pel que fa a l'ensenyament sobre el medi en que viuen, aquesta relació negativa es deu a la diferència de perspectiva amb què s'aborden les qüestions. Aquesta recerca ha estudiat tretze comunitats Tsimane', de l'Amazònia boliviana, les quals tenen un profund coneixement tradicional ambiental, tant teòric com pràctic. La peculiar forma d'ensenyament acadèmic que reben els Tsimane' a l'escola, més sensible a les qüestions locals, podria explicar l'exitosa convivència d'ambdues formes de coneixement.La educación formal en los pueblos indígenas suele suponer un incremento en el conocimiento académico, en detrimento del tradicional. En cuanto a la enseñanza sobre el medio en que viven, esta relación negativa se debe a la diferencia de perspectiva con que se abordan las cuestiones. Esta investigación ha estudiado trece comunidades Tsimane', de la Amazonía boliviana, las cuales tienen un profundo conocimiento tradicional ambiental, tanto teórico como práctico. La peculiar forma de enseñanza académica que reciben los Tsimane' en la escuela, más sensible a las cuestiones locales, podría explicar la exitosa convivencia de ambas formas de conocimient

Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer: A Complex Polyhedral Problem with a Difficult Solution

Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are a growing problem, accounting for 377,713 and 98,412 new cases per year all over the world and 177,757 and 48,143 deaths annually, respectively. Despite the substantial improvement in diagnostic procedures and treatment techniques in recent years, the mortality rate has not decreased substantially in the last 40 years, which is still close to 50% of cases. The major cause responsible for this high mortality is associated with the high percentage of oral cancers diagnosed in advanced stages (stages III and IV) where the treatment harbors poor efficacy, resulting in challenges, mutilations, or disability. The main reason for cancer to be diagnosed at an advanced stage is a diagnostic delay, so it is critical to reduce this delay in order to improve the prognosis of patients suffering from oral cancer. The causes of oral cancer diagnostic delay are complex and concern patients, healthcare professionals, and healthcare services. In this manuscript, oral cancer diagnostic delay is critically reviewed based on current evidence, as well as their major causes, main problems, and potential improvement strategiesResearch group CTS-392 (Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Junta de Andalucía, Spain

El legado arqueológico perdido de la antigua "Urso": noticias historiográficas del siglo XVIII a los albores del XX

Este trabajo hace un recorrido por las noticias historiográficas del siglo XVIII a inicios del siglo XX, sobre el patrimonio arqueológico de la primitiva Urso, en su mayoría perdido en la actualidad.This paper explores the historical news since the XVIIIth to XXth century, referring to archaeological items from Urso (Osuna, Sevilla) unknown at presen

Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of CCND1/Cyclin D1 Upregulation in Melanomas: A Systematic Review and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

We would like to thank the research group CTS-392 (Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Junta de Andalucía, Spain).Simple Summary The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is increasing worldwide, currently responsible for 287,723 new cases and 60,712 deaths per year (GLOBOCAN, IARC, WHO). It should be also highlighted that some less frequent subtypes of melanomas-i.e., acral, uveal, and mucous melanoma-are responsible for significant morbidity associated with metastasis, responding typically worse to newer therapies. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed to improve the prognosis in individual patients. In this sense, the present study showed that CCND1/cyclin D1 upregulation is a common molecular oncogenic alteration in melanomas that probably favors the growth and expansion on cutaneous primary melanomas. Furthermore, immunohistochemical cyclin D1 overexpression strongly predicted a higher Breslow thickness, currently considered the most relevant prognostic factor in individual patients with melanomas. Finally, special attention should be paid to the CCND1/cyclin D1 complex in mucosal melanomas, whose upregulation was strikingly altered. Our objective was to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cyclin D1 (CD1) overexpression/CCND1 amplification in melanomas. We searched studies published before September 2019 (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus). We evaluated the quality of the studies included (QUIPS tool). The impact of CD1 overexpression/CCND1 amplification on overall survival and relevant clinicopathological characteristic were meta-analyzed. We performed heterogeneity, sensitivity, small-study effects, and subgroup analyses. Forty-one studies and 3451 patients met inclusion criteria. Qualitative evaluation demonstrated that not all studies were performed with the same rigor, finding the greatest risk of bias in the study confounding domain. Quantitative evaluation showed that immunohistochemical CD1 overexpression had a statistical association with Breslow thickness (p = 0.007; OR = 2.09,95% CI = 1.23-3.57), significantly higher frequency of CCND1/cyclin D1 abnormalities has been observed in the primary tumor compared to distant metastases (p = 0.004), revealed also by immunohistochemical overexpression of the protein (p < 0.001; OR = 0.53,95% CI = 0.40-0.71), while the CCND1 gene amplification does not show association (p = 0.43); while gene amplification, on the contrary, appeared more frequently in distant metastases (p = 0.04; OR = 1.70,95% CI = 1.01-2.85) and not in the primary tumor. In conclusion, CCND1/cyclin D1 upregulation is a common molecular oncogenic alteration in melanomas that probably favors the growth and expansion of the primary tumor. This upregulation is mainly consequence to the overexpression of the cyclin D1 protein, and not to gene amplification

La educación y la mujer, fecundidad educativa

The present article considers that womanis and educator by nature, dream to bea mother, providing to their children, totheir students, milk and honey, therefore,takes its educational role convinced thatshe is doing in each student a “secondcreation”. The author also considersthe parent education of women is the“pedagogy of love teaching teach”.La educación es una cuestión vitaluna y una segunda creación. Así comopara nacer hace falta la mujer y lamadre, para una segunda creación, esimprescindible una mujer educadora.Educadora fecunda que saque lo mejorde sus educandos en y para el sigloXXI, usando el mejor de los métodos“el amor que enseña a enseñar”; através de saber leer, se descubren losgestos personales, los acontecimientossociales y las otras caras de las cosas; ysaberse atenerse a ello

Dysplasia in oral lichen planus: relevance, controversies and challenges. A position paper

Background: Patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) have an increased risk of oral cancer. For this reason, OLP is classified as an oral potentially malignant disorder. However, the precise personal (or individual) risk is unknown. Recent meta-analytical studies have reported that dysplastic OLP may transform to cancer in around 6% of cases, while the rate of transformation is lower (<1.5%) in non-dysplastic cases. The presence of epithelial dysplasia has emerged as the most powerful indicator for assessing cancer risk in oral potentially malignant disorders in routine practice. However, the general acceptance of epithelial dysplasia as an accompanying histologic feature in OLP is subject to great controversy. Many pathologists consider the presence of dysplasia as a criterion to exclude OLP when routinely reporting on this disease. This practice, widespread among oral pathology professionals, has resulted in the underestimation of the potential for malignancy of OLP. Material and Methods: A review of the literature was carried out in order to critically analyze the relevance, controversies and challenges encountered across the diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia in OLP. Results: 12 studies have been published examining dysplastic changes in OLP, reporting figures ranging from 0.54% to 25% of cases with dysplasia in the first diagnostic biopsy. The diagnosis of dysplasia in the OLP poses an additional difficulty due to the fact that the affected oral epithelium per se develops changes related to autoimmune aggression. Among the most frequent histological features of OLP that develops dysplasia are basal cell hyperplasia with basaloid appearance, loss of basal cells polarity, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism and irregular stratification. Conclusions: Epithelial dysplasia should not be considered an exclusion criterion for OLP; its evaluation requires experienced pathologists in this field

La Problemática del Agua en la Región de Ancash (Perú). Perspectivas en la Educación Primaria desde la Cooperación Internacional

Con este trabajo se pretende conocer, desde la figura de maestra cooperante internacional, el nivel de conocimiento que el profesorado de la región de Ancash (Perú) tiene sobre el medioambiente que le rodea y las repercusiones que su cuidado implica, especialmente en relación al agua, que es consumida con frecuencia, en esta zona, sin unos estándares mínimos de calidad. Así mismo, se desea apreciar el grado de compromiso y responsabilidad en la función docente respecto al medioambiente. E igualmente conocer actividades académicas desarrolladas tanto por el docente como por el discente, a través de este, donde el objeto de enseñanza-aprendizaje sea el conocimiento, protección y cuidado de la naturaleza. Se basa en el análisis de los resultados de una encuesta a maestros de diferentes colegios, así como en la observación directa del entorno escolar y los agentes que intervienen en él, tras el estudio de diversos proyectos relacionados con la mejora de la calidad del agua en el contexto económico, social, legislativo y medioambiental de la región. Derivado de este estudio se obtienen diversas conclusiones sobre las carencias y problemas de la práctica docente por parte del profesorado ancashino en relación al medioambiente, surgen interrogantes no previstos e inquietudes hacia la posible continuidad de la investigación entre los futuros maestros que cursan estudios superiores en la Universidad Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo (Huaraz. Perú)