Arthroscopic Primary Bundle-Specific Posterior Cruciate Ligament Repair with Transosseous Fixation.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are most commonly associated with multiligamentous knee injuries. Isolated rupture can be treated nonoperatively with bracing, but with concomitant surgical injuries or high-grade instability, operative intervention may be warranted. While historically PCL injuries were surgically managed with open primary repair, contemporary surgical options include arthroscopic primary repair and reconstruction. Appropriate patient selection is critical in avoiding residual laxity following primary repair, and innovations in advanced imaging and arthroscopic technology now allow for identification of suitable patients. In this technical vote, we describe a method for anatomic bundle-specific primary PCL repair with transosseous fixation. The appropriate patient for this procedure has a femoral-sided avulsion of 1 or both PCL bundles, presents with an acute or subacute injury, and has adequate tissue quality for bundle reapproximation to the footprint. This allows for minimally invasive, anatomic restoration of tension for each bundle

Dissociable human perirhinal, hippocampal, and parahippocampal roles during verbal encoding

The precise contribution of perirhinal cortex to human episodic memory is uncertain. Human intracranial recordings highlight a role in successful episodic memory encoding, but encoding-related perirhinal activation has not been observed with functional imaging. By adapting functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning parameters to maximize sensitivity to medial temporal lobe activity, we demonstrate that left perirhinal and hippocampal responses during word list encoding are greater for subsequently recalled than forgotten words. Although perirhinal responses predict memory for all words, successful encoding of initial words in a list, demonstrating a primacy effect, is associated with parahippocampal and anterior hippocampal activation. We conclude that perirhinal cortex and hippocampus participate in successful memory encoding. Encoding-related parahippocampal and anterior hippocampal responses for initial, remembered words most likely reflects enhanced attentional orienting to these positionally distinctive items

Habitat associations of shovelnose sturgeon \u3ci\u3eScaphirhynchus platorynchus\u3c/i\u3e (Rafinesque, 1820) in the lower Platte River, Nebraska

Human induced alterations of river systems are ubiquitous throughout the world. Alterations have reduced riverine habitat and negatively affected riverine species; therefore, it is crucial to understand what habitats are important to riverine fish at multiple scales. Most research has focused around microhabitats (i.e., depth) with little effort on how the reach scale habitat (i.e., geomorphic landscape) influences riverine fish abundance. We examined habitat associations of shovelnose sturgeon sampled with two gears (trotlines and trammel nets) at multiple spatial scales in the lower Platte River, NE, a system that has not been overtly altered in physical description. At a microhabitat scale, shovelnose sturgeon abundance was influenced by velocities and temperatures within the lower Platte River. The influence of velocity was contradictory between gears suggesting that gear limitations may have been present. Shovelnose sturgeon abundance increased in close proximity to a tributary interaction with the lower Platte River in both gears. Portions of the river with a relatively medium valley width, low-medium sinuosity, and wide channel had the lowest shovelnose sturgeon abundance for both gears. Our results provide insight at multiple habitat scales on the landscape that may help managers and policy makers develop sound approaches to protecting and mitigating habitat for shovelnose sturgeon and other riverine species

On the effect of hydrogen on the elastic moduli and acoustic loss behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V

The elastic moduli and acoustic loss behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V (wt.%) in the temperature range 5–298 K have been studied using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. A peak in the acoustic dissipation was observed at 160 K within the frequency range 250–1000 kHz. Analysis of the data acquired in this study, coupled with complementary data from the literature, showed that this was consistent with a Snoek-like relaxation process with an associated activation energy of 23 3 kJ mol. However, the loss peak was broader than would be expected for a Snoek-like relaxation, and the underlying process was shown to have a spread of relaxation times. It is suggested that this effect arises as a result of variations in the strain experienced by the phase due to different local microstructural constraint by the bounding secondary phase

How children eat may contribute to rising levels of obesity children's eating behaviours: An intergenerational study of family influences

The term ‘obesogenic environment’ is rapidly becoming part of common phraseology. However, the influence of the family and the home environment on children's eating behaviours is little understood. Research that explores the impact of this micro environment and intergenerational influences affecting children's eating behaviours is long overdue. A qualitative, grounded theory approach, incorporating focus groups and semi-structured interviews, was used to investigate the family environment and specifically, the food culture of different generations within families. What emerged was a substantive theory based on ‘ordering of eating’ that explains differences in eating behaviours within and between families. Whereas at one time family eating was highly ordered and structured, typified by the grandparent generation, nowadays family eating behaviours are more haphazard and less ordered, evidenced by the way the current generation of children eat. Most importantly, in families with an obese child eating is less ordered compared with those families with a normal weight child. Ordering of eating' is a unique concept to emerge. It shows that an understanding of the eating process is crucial to the development and improvement of interventions targeted at addressing childhood obesity within the family context

Cognitive tests used in chronic adult human randomised controlled trial micronutrient and phytochemical intervention studies

In recent years there has been a rapid growth of interest in exploring the relationship between nutritional therapies and the maintenance of cognitive function in adulthood. Emerging evidence reveals an increasingly complex picture with respect to the benefits of various food constituents on learning, memory and psychomotor function in adults. However, to date, there has been little consensus in human studies on the range of cognitive domains to be tested or the particular tests to be employed. To illustrate the potential difficulties that this poses, we conducted a systematic review of existing human adult randomised controlled trial (RCT) studies that have investigated the effects of 24 d to 36 months of supplementation with flavonoids and micronutrients on cognitive performance. There were thirty-nine studies employing a total of 121 different cognitive tasks that met the criteria for inclusion. Results showed that less than half of these studies reported positive effects of treatment, with some important cognitive domains either under-represented or not explored at all. Although there was some evidence of sensitivity to nutritional supplementation in a number of domains (for example, executive function, spatial working memory), interpretation is currently difficult given the prevailing 'scattergun approach' for selecting cognitive tests. Specifically, the practice means that it is often difficult to distinguish between a boundary condition for a particular nutrient and a lack of task sensitivity. We argue that for significant future progress to be made, researchers need to pay much closer attention to existing human RCT and animal data, as well as to more basic issues surrounding task sensitivity, statistical power and type I error

Age-related Differences in Prestimulus Subsequent Memory Effects Assessed with Event-related Potentials

Prestimulus subsequent memory effects (preSMEs)—differences in neural activity elicited by a task cue at encoding that are predictive of later memory performance—are thought to reflect differential engagement of preparatory processes that benefit episodic memory encoding. We investigated age differences in preSMEs indexed by differences in ERP amplitude just before the onset of a study item. Young and older adults incidentally encoded words for a subsequent memory test. Each study word was preceded by a task cue that signaled a judgment to perform on the word. Words were presented for either a short (300 msec) or long (1000 msec) duration with the aim of placing differential benefits on engaging preparatory processes initiated by the task cue. ERPs associated with subsequent successful and unsuccessful recollection, operationalized here by source memory accuracy, were estimated time-locked to the onset of the task cue. In a late time window (1000–2000 msec after onset of the cue), young adults demonstrated frontally distributed preSMEs for both the short and long study durations, albeit with opposite polarities in the two conditions. This finding suggests that preSMEs in young adults are sensitive to perceived task demands. Although older adults showed no evidence of preSMEs in the same late time window, significant preSMEs were observed in an earlier time window (500–1000 msec) that was invariant with study duration. These results are broadly consistent with the proposal that older adults differ from their younger counterparts in how they engage preparatory processes during memory encoding

Social Disparities in Private Renting Amongst Young Families in England and Wales, 2001-2011

This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Taylor & Francis via https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2016.1242511In Britain, the proportion of young families living in the private rented sector (PRS) has risen sharply in recent years. There is mounting concern that this trend could be particularly pronounced amongst less advantaged young families, who may be disproportionately channelled into relatively costly, insecure and lower quality accommodation in the PRS by growing difficulties accessing other tenures. In consequence, this paper uses the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study of England and Wales to compare how family structure and socio-economic characteristics shaped rates of private renting amongst young adults heading families in 2001 and 2011. The results show that social disparities generally increased during this period as private renting expanded most rapidly amongst some types of lone parent and amongst young adults heading couple families with a less advantaged class position. Increasing housing inequalities between young people may thus be as much a feature of “Generation Rent” as deepening divides between generations.This work was supported by an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Future Research Leaders award [grant number ES/L009498/1]. Additional financial support was provided by the Isaac Newton Trust

Predictors of Orthopaedic Surgery in NCAA Athletes

Objectives: Orthopaedic injury and surgery is relatively common in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes and can have devastating career consequences. However, there is a paucity of data regarding predictors of orthopaedic surgery in collegiate athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze player-related predictors of orthopaedic surgery, including that of the shoulder, hip, and knee, in NCAA athletes. Methods: All NCAA Division I collegiate athletes at a single institution who began participation from the 2003-2004 through 2008-2009 seasons were retrospectively identified. Player-related factors, including gender, sport, and any pre-college upper or lower extremity orthopaedic surgery, were elicited through pre-participation evaluations (PPEs). Athletes who underwent an orthopaedic surgery in college were identified through the Sports Injury Monitoring System and medical records. All patient-related independent variables were included in a multiple Cox regression model. Exposure time was calculated from the date of PPE to the date of surgery (event) or to the end of the collegiate athletic career (censored). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Significance was set at P \u3c 0.05. Results: In total, 1,142 athletes in 12 sports (baseball/softball, basketball, football, golf, gymnastics, rowing, swimming & diving, soccer, tennis, track & field/cross country, volleyball, water polo) were identified. There were 262 documented orthopaedic surgeries, including those involving the shoulder (n = 34), hip (n = 25), and knee (n = 72), in 182 athletes. Using the multiple Cox regression model, pre-college lower extremity surgery was an independent predictor of orthopaedic (P = 0.004, HR = 1.88) and knee (P \u3c 0.001, HR = 3.91) surgery, and type of sport was an independent predictor of orthopaedic (P \u3c 0.001), shoulder (P = 0.002), and knee surgery (P \u3c 0.001) (Table 1). Participation in gymnastics, basketball, and volleyball were the strongest predictors of orthopaedic surgery. Similarly, participation in volleyball, gymnastics, and baseball/softball were the strongest predictors of shoulder surgery, and participation in basketball, football, and volleyball were the strongest predictors of knee surgery. Lastly, athletes with a history of a pre-college orthopaedic surgery were more susceptible to another surgery in the same extremity during college (P = 0.046, HR = 2.18). Gender was not a significant predictor of any surgery. No independent predictors of hip surgery were identified. Conclusion: NCAA athletes who underwent a pre-college lower extremity surgery were more likely to undergo orthopaedic and knee surgery during their collegiate careers. Those in overhead sports (e.g., volleyball, baseball/softball) were more likely to undergo shoulder surgery, and those in cutting and jumping sports (e.g., basketball, football) were more likely to undergo knee surgery. Furthermore, athletes with a history of a pre-college orthopaedic surgery were more likely to undergo another surgery in the same extremity during college, suggesting inadequate rehabilitation or less than full return of function after surgery. The time lost from athletic participation due to an orthopaedic surgery and its potential career impact underscores the need for injury prevention and improved surgical outcomes in the amateur athlete