HUBUNGAN KEKUATAN OTOT LENGAN DAN POWER OTOT TUNGKAI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN RENANG GAYA DADA JARAK 20 METER PADA MAHASISWA PENJASKESREK FKIP UNSYIAH ANGKATAN 2011

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Dry and starchy orange-fleshed sweetpotato farmer varieties: Implications for fighting vitamin A defiency in East and Central Africa.

Sweetpotato is a major staple and co-staple root crop for millions of the rural people in Africa. Recently, it has been demonstrated to be of human health importance by combating vitamin A deficiency. This paper is a summary review of recent findings on the orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) farmer varieties (FV) from East Africa (EA) and their potential contribution to combat vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in Africa. Between 2000 and 2006, scientists from East and Central Africa collected several OFSP varieties from farmers' fields together with the white- and creamfleshed sweetpotato (WFSP) farmer varieties. Subsequent characterization studies using selected EA and exotic germplasm revealed critical findings for the future use of OFSP FV in Africa. Overall, molecular characterization showed that EA germplasm is distinct from non-African germplasm. It also showed that OFSP FV and WFSP FV from EA are very closely related. The two findings address suspicions that OFSP FV are of exotic origin. The OFSP FV differed from exotic OFSP on root dry matter (DM), starch and sucrose properties. Whereas the exotic OFSP are characteristically 'sweet and moist' (DM ≈ 25.0%, starch ≈50.0% and sucrose ≈ 10.3%), OFSP FV had characteristically high DM (≈33.0%), high starch (≈ 65.0%) and similar to the WFSP FV. It is these qualities that make sweetpotato a staple crop in Africa. However, root â-carotene content (BC) of some OFSP FV ['Ejumula', 240pmm; 'Carrot C', 259 ppm; 'Mayai', 264 ppm; and 'Zambezi', 233 ppm] nearly equaled that of 'Resisto' (271ppm), one of the popular OFSP cultivars in USA. These were shown to meet ≥400% of recommended daily allowance (RDA) with 250 g serving to a 5-8 year old child Other light orange-fleshed FV like 'ARA244 Shinyanga', 'K-118', 'K-134', 'K-46', 'PAL161', 'Sowola6', 'SRT52', and 'Sudan' had lower root BC than 'Resisto' and were shown to meet between 50-90% RDA of the child. In conclusion, OFSP FV from EA might show similar adaptation to sub- Sahara African environments as their sister WFSP and have a big potential to alleviate VAD. Also, breeding for acceptable high DM and high starch OFSP varieties for African consumers seems possibl

Forecast analysis of any opportunistic infection among HIV positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda

Data on monthly prevalence of any opportunistic infection among HIV positive individuals on HAART in TASO, Uganda (2004-2013). (XLS 34 kb

Postpartum adherence to Option B+ until 18 months in Western Uganda

Since 2012, the WHO recommends Option B+ for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This approach entails the initiation of lifelong antiretroviral therapy in all HIV-positive pregnant women, also implying protection during breastfeeding for 12 months or longer. Research on long-term adherence to Option B+ throughout breastfeeding is scarce to date. Therefore, we conducted a prospective observational cohort study in Fort Portal, Western Uganda, to assess adherence to Option B+ until 18 months postpartum. In 2013, we recruited 67 HIV-positive, Option B+ enrolled women six weeks after giving birth and scheduled them for follow-up study visits after six, twelve and 18 months. Two adherence measures, self-reported drug intake and amount of drug refill visits, were combined to define adherence, and were assessed together with feeding information at all study visits. At six months postpartum, 51% of the enrolled women were considered to be adherent. Until twelve and 18 months postpartum, adherence for the respective follow-up interval decreased to 19% and 20.5% respectively. No woman was completely adherent until 18 months. At the same time, 76.5% of the women breastfed for ≥12 months. Drug adherence was associated with younger age (p<0.01), lower travel costs (p = 0.02), and lower number of previous deliveries (p = 0.04). Long-term adherence to Option B+ seems to be challenging. Considering that in our cohort, prolonged breastfeeding until ≥12 months was widely applied while postpartum adherence until the end of breastfeeding was poor, a potential risk of postpartum vertical transmission needs to be taken seriously into account for Option B+ implementation

Lack of effect of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy and intense drug resistance in western Uganda

Background Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) is widely implemented in sub-Saharan Africa for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. However, in areas of intense SP resistance, the efficacy of IPTp may be compromised. Methods A cross-sectional study among 915 delivering women (728 analysable live singleton deliveries) was conducted in Fort Portal, western Uganda, to assess associations of reported IPTp use, Plasmodium falciparum infection, maternal anaemia, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, and to estimate the degree of SP resistance as reflected by pfdhfr/pfdhps mutations. Results Plasmodium falciparum infection was detected by PCR in 8.9 % and by microscopy of placental blood samples in 4.0 %. Infection was significantly associated with stillbirth, early neonatal death, anaemia, low birth weight, and pre-term delivery. Eighty percent of the women had taken at least one dose of IPTp, and more than half had taken two doses. As compared to women without chemoprophylaxis against malaria, IPTp had no significant influence on the presence of P. falciparum infection (13.8 vs. 9.6 %, P = 0.31). Nor was it associated with reductions in anaemia, low birth weight or preterm delivery. P. falciparum with intense SP resistance (pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple or sextuple mutations) were observed in 93 % (pfdhps 581G, 36 %), and the additional high resistance allele pfhdr 164L in 36 %. Conclusions In Fort Portal, Uganda, reported use of IPTp with SP does not provide an observable benefit. The molecular markers of P. falciparum indicate high grade SP resistance reaching the threshold set by WHO for the discontinuation of IPTp with SP. Alternative approaches for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy are urgently needed

Carry-over effect of Thidiazuron on banana in vitro proliferation at different culture cycles and light incubation conditions

Thidiazuron (TDZ) is an active cytokinin that was shown to induce increased shoot proliferation and habituation in black walnut, Phaseolus lunatus and evergreen azalea, which are tree species but has not been widely investigated in bananas. Unlike other cytokines commonly in use that are adeninebased, TDZ is a urea based cytokinin and therefore is&#160; non-degradable by cytokinin-oxidase enzymes in plant tissues. This quality causes TDZ to be persistent in tissues hence transforming them from cytokinin dependence to cytokinin autonomy. This therefore makes use of TDZ cost effective but there is lack of information on this quality in banana micropropagation. A study was therefore conducted to investigate the carry over effect of varying concentrations of TDZ and 22.2 mM benzylaminopurine (BAP) as control on proliferation of five banana cultivars on a hormone free medium under various incubation conditions. The results showed that TDZ had a carry-over effect that enabled shoots to continue proliferating on a hormone free medium as the culture cycles increased and that this effect was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than that of BAP. Accumulation of TDZ to high levels resulted in suppression of shoot proliferation but on exposing such tissues to a cytokinin-free medium insubsequent subcultures would result in increased shoot proliferation and elongation. The results further showed dark conditions enhanced higher proliferation rates than light conditions in some cultivars suggesting that banana in vitro proliferation is a photomorphogenically responsive processthat is enhanced under dark conditions

TDZ AND 4-CPPU in Gamborg B5 salts with MS vitamins doubles embryogenic 191 response from male flowers of EA-AAA banana.

Conventionally, auxins have been used in MS medium in combination or without purine-based cytokinins for induction of embryogenesis in EA-AAA banana (Musa spp.). Besides, low embryogenic response, it has been rare for more than two cultivars to respond similarly to a single treatment. This study investigated the efficacy of urea-type cytokinins, N-phenyl-N’-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ) and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (4-CPPU); and salt formulations, Chu (N6), Eriksson, Gamborg B5, MS, Nitsch, NLN, SH and White for embryogenic callus induction in different EA-AAA banana cultivars. Immature male flowers of cultivars Mpologoma, Mbwazirume, Nakabululu, Nakinyika and Nfuuka were cultured on callus induction medium, supplemented with different TDZ and 4-CPPU combinations. Most of the cultivars had embryogenic response to the medium with 10μM TDZ+10μM CPPU. Cultivar Nakabululu recorded 22.2% embryogenic response, followed by Mwazirume (5.7%), Nakinyika (5.3%) and Mpologoma (4.6%). Cultivar Nfuuka had 9.1% embryogenic response on 15μM TDZ+15μM CPPU. When cultivars Mpologoma and Nakinyika were cultured on the same medium containing 10μM TDZ+10μM CPPU, but the MS salts substituted with the other salt formulations, their cultures recorded 11.4 and 8.3% embryogenic response, respectively to Gamborg B5 salts; which was almost twice their response to MS medium. The results suggested that TDZ and 4-CPPU, particularly in Gamborg B5 salt formulation, could increase percentage of embryogenic callus induced from male flowers of EA-AAA banana cultivars, and would improve plant regeneration and consequently help in the process of genetic improvement of EA-AAA banana.Key Words: Cytokinins, embryogenic response, Musa spp., Thidiazuro

A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of starches from root, tuber and cereal crops

Some properties of starches from cassava, potato and sweet potato were compared with cereal starches from maize, wheat, millet and sorghum. The aim was to determine the properties of tuber and root crop starches and compare them with cereal starches in addition to unravelling the potential of commonly grown sorghum and millet climate resilient crops as cheap and sustainable sources of starch. Significant variations were observed for amylose content and solution properties of starches, where blue values for amylose ranged from 0.355 in potato to 0.476 in cassava, but were averagely low in cereal starches. Amylose leaching increased with temperature with the highest value (0.432) in cassava at 80°C compared with cereal starches (average 0.361). Starch amylosis increased with time of hydrolysis and was highest (&gt;16%) for millet and sorghum and least for potato (&lt;8.5% average). Average swelling power at 80°C was high for cassava (8.58 g/g) and potato (8.44 g/g) compared with sweet potato (6.88 g/g) and low among cereal starches (5.17 g/g). Similarly, starch solubility was low in potato (0.77 g/g) and sweet potato (0.577 g/g) compared with cassava (1.23 g/g). The paste clarity was also high for cassava (48.32%) and potato (42.16%) and least for sweet potato derived starches (23.22%) and all the cereal starches (14.97%). These properties demonstrate the untapped potential of cassava and tuber based starches for use in food and non-food applications previously dominated by cereal starches.Key words: Tuber starch, root crop starches, cereal starches, amylose, amylosis

Insecticide resistance monitoring of field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Jinja, eastern Uganda, identifies high levels of pyrethroid resistance

Insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) threatens insecticide-based control efforts, necessitating regular monitoring. We assessed resistance in field-collected An. gambiae s.l. from Jinja, Uganda using World Health Organization (WHO) biosassays. Only An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis (≅70%) were present. Female An. gambiae exhibited extremely high pyrethroid resistance (permethrin LT50 > 2 h; deltamethrin LT50 > 5 h). Female An. arabiensis were resistant to permethrin and exhibited reduced susceptibility to deltamethrin. However, while An. gambiae were DDT resistant, An. arabiensis were fully susceptible. Both species were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion. Kdr 1014S has increased rapidly in the Jinja population of An. gambiae s.s. and now approaches fixation (≅95%), consistent with insecticide-mediated selection, but is currently at a low frequency in An. arabiensis (0.07%). Kdr 1014F was also at a low frequency in An. gambiae. These frequencies preclude adequately-powered tests for an association with phenotypic resistance. PBO synergist bioassays resulted in near complete recovery of pyrethroid susceptibility suggesting involvement of CYP450s in resistance. A small number (0.22%) of An. gambiae s.s. ×An. arabiensis hybrids were found, suggesting the possibility of introgression of resistance alleles between species. The high levels of pyrethroid resistance encountered in Jinja threaten to reduce the efficacy of vector control programmes which rely on pyrethroid-impregnated bednets or indoor spraying of pyrethroids