“Look who’s talking guilty feet now” : Kaappi ja tunnustaminen George Michaelin musiikkivideoissa

Tutkin työssäni isobritannialaisen pop-laulaja-lauluntekijän George Michaelin musiikkivideoita homoseksuaalisen identiteetin rakentumisen näkökulmasta. Michael kertoi julkisuudessa homoseksuaalisuudestaan vuonna 1998, kun hän oli tullut pidätetyksi Yhdysvalloissa Beverly Hillsissä siveettömästä käytöksestä. Pidätystapahtumaa parodioitiin vielä samana vuonna Michaelin Outside-nimisestä kappaleesta tehdyssä musiikkivideossa (1998). Outsiden lisäksi aineistonani on Michaelin kaksi myöhemmin ilmestynyttä musiikkivideota Shoot the Dog (2002) ja An Easier Affair (2006). Tarkastelen yllä mainittuja kolmea musiikkivideota kaapin ja tunnustamisen käsitteiden kautta. Homoseksuaalisen identiteetin on yhdeltä osalta ajateltu muodostuvan kaapissa olemisen ja kaapista ulostulemisen metaforien muodostamasta prosessista. Valitsemani musiikkivideot havainnollistavat näitä metaforia ja sen odotusta, että henkilö jossain vaiheessa elämäänsä tunnustaa jollekin homoseksuaalisuutensa, jolloin hänen katsotaan tulleen ulos kaapista. Hahmoteltu kerronnan kaava seuraa kehitystä epätietoisuuden ja salailun tilasta homoseksuaalisuuden tiedostamiseen ja lopulta sen artikuloimiseen. Käyttämäni tutkimuskirjallisuus tulee laajasti taiteentutkimuksen kentältä: musiikkivideotutkimuksesta Carol Vernallis ja Andrew Goodwin ovat keskeisiä lähteitä, kun taas kaapin käsite on peräisin Eve Kosofsky Sedgwickiltä. Tunnustamisen käsite nojaa Michel Foucault’n sekä Heikki Kujansivun ja Laura Saarenmaan pohdintoihin. Richard Dyerin kirjoituksia hyödynnetään sekä metodologiassa että yksittäisissä analyysiluvuissa. Videoiden erittelyssä käytän temaattista sisällönanalyysiä. Pohdin millaisia erityisiä keinoja musiikkivideon kolme osa-aluetta – kuva, musiikki ja sanoitus – käyttävät homoseksuaalisuuden representoinnissa ja yleisemmin seksuaalisuudesta puhumisessa. Nostan jokaisen videon kohdalla esille ilmiteeman sekä analyysin tuottaman syväteeman, joiden avulla tulkitsen videoissa rakentuvaa homoseksuaalisen miehen identiteettiä sekä pohdin, miten audiovisuaalisen esitysmuodon erityispiirteet voivat kuvata kaappia ja tunnustamista

Association of sleep with cognitive function during retirement transition : the Whitehall II study

Study Objectives Sleep duration and difficulties have been shown to associate with cognitive function. This study examined how changes in sleep and in cognitive function are associated during retirement transition. Methods The study population consisted of 2980 Whitehall II study participants, who retired during the follow-up, whose sleep was queried, and cognitive function measured (inductive reasoning and verbal memory) before and after retirement (follow-up 16 years). Using the last information on sleep before and the first after retirement, participants were categorized into constantly without (59%), increasing (13%), decreasing (11%), and constantly with (18%) sleep difficulties; and constantly short (26%), increasing (19%), decreasing (8.5%), and constantly mid-range (47%) sleep duration. Change in cognitive function during retirement transition was examined by sleep change groups using linear regression analyses with generalized estimating equations. Results More pronounced decline in inductive reasoning during retirement transition was observed among participants with increasing sleep difficulties (-1.96, 95% CI -2.52 to -1.41) compared to those constantly without sleep difficulties (-1.25, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.98) and constantly with sleep difficulties (-1.26, 95% CI -1.75 to -0.92). Decreasing sleep difficulties (-0.64, 95% CI -0.86 to -0.43) were associated with a more pronounced decline in verbal memory when compared to constantly without sleep difficulties (-0.42, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.32) in post-retirement period. No statistically significant differences across sleep duration groups in cognitive function were observed. Conclusions Increasing and decreasing sleep difficulties may be associated with accelerated decline in cognitive function during retirement transition and post-retirement.Peer reviewe

Association of sleep with cognitive function during retirement transition : the Whitehall II study

Study Objectives Sleep duration and difficulties have been shown to associate with cognitive function. This study examined how changes in sleep and in cognitive function are associated during retirement transition. Methods The study population consisted of 2980 Whitehall II study participants, who retired during the follow-up, whose sleep was queried, and cognitive function measured (inductive reasoning and verbal memory) before and after retirement (follow-up 16 years). Using the last information on sleep before and the first after retirement, participants were categorized into constantly without (59%), increasing (13%), decreasing (11%), and constantly with (18%) sleep difficulties; and constantly short (26%), increasing (19%), decreasing (8.5%), and constantly mid-range (47%) sleep duration. Change in cognitive function during retirement transition was examined by sleep change groups using linear regression analyses with generalized estimating equations. Results More pronounced decline in inductive reasoning during retirement transition was observed among participants with increasing sleep difficulties (-1.96, 95% CI -2.52 to -1.41) compared to those constantly without sleep difficulties (-1.25, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.98) and constantly with sleep difficulties (-1.26, 95% CI -1.75 to -0.92). Decreasing sleep difficulties (-0.64, 95% CI -0.86 to -0.43) were associated with a more pronounced decline in verbal memory when compared to constantly without sleep difficulties (-0.42, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.32) in post-retirement period. No statistically significant differences across sleep duration groups in cognitive function were observed. Conclusions Increasing and decreasing sleep difficulties may be associated with accelerated decline in cognitive function during retirement transition and post-retirement.Peer reviewe

Evidence from Copenhagen Business School

In three decades Higher Education Institutions have experienced decreasing trust and increasing demands of accountability from society. The aim is to explore how assessments of departments’ research activities can contribute to improvement of research organization, research culture and credibility. The empirical study is based on reports from two assessment rounds of nine research departments, in 1994 to 2007. Qualitative statements and recom-menda¬tions are transformed to relative quantifiable performance measures on ten different dimensions in order to study development over time and analysis of departments´ variation. Results indicate significant improvement among some departments while others have not managed to such extent

Association between mid-life marital status and cognitive function in later life: population based cohort study

Objectives To evaluate whether mid-life marital status is related to cognitive function in later life

Response by Hakala et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Cardiovascular Risk Factor Trajectories Since Childhood and Cognitive Performance in Midlife: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study"

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Does social intolerance vary according to cognitive styles, genetic cognitive capacity, or education?

BACKGROUND: Low education, low cognitive abilities, and certain cognitive styles are suggested to predispose to social intolerance and prejudices. Evidence is, however, restricted by comparatively small samples, neglect of confounding variables and genetic factors, and a narrow focus on a single sort of prejudice. We investigated the relationships of education, polygenic cognitive potential, cognitive performance, and cognitive styles with social intolerance in adulthood over a 15-year follow-up. METHODS: We used data from the prospective population-based Young Finns Study (n = 960-1679). Social intolerance was evaluated with the Social Intolerance Scale in 1997, 2001, and 2011; cognitive performance with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in 2011; cognitive styles in 1997; and socioeconomic factors in 1980 (childhood) and 2011 (adulthood); and polygenic cognitive potential was calculated based on genome-wide association studies. RESULTS: We found that nonrational thinking, polygenic cognitive potential, cognitive performance, or socioeconomic factors were not related to social intolerance. Regarding cognitive styles, low flexibility (B = -0.759, p \u3c .001), high perseverance (B = 1.245, p \u3c .001), and low persistence (B = -0.329, p \u3c .001) predicted higher social intolerance consistently in the analyses. DISCUSSION: When developing prejudice-reduction interventions, it should be considered that educational level or cognitive performance may not be crucial for development of social intolerance. Adopting certain cognitive styles may play more important roles in development of social intolerance

Does social intolerance vary according to cognitive styles, genetic cognitive capacity, or education?

Background Low education, low cognitive abilities, and certain cognitive styles are suggested to predispose to social intolerance and prejudices. Evidence is, however, restricted by comparatively small samples, neglect of confounding variables and genetic factors, and a narrow focus on a single sort of prejudice. We investigated the relationships of education, polygenic cognitive potential, cognitive performance, and cognitive styles with social intolerance in adulthood over a 15-year follow-up. Methods We used data from the prospective population-based Young Finns Study (n = 960-1679). Social intolerance was evaluated with the Social Intolerance Scale in 1997, 2001, and 2011; cognitive performance with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in 2011; cognitive styles in 1997; and socioeconomic factors in 1980 (childhood) and 2011 (adulthood); and polygenic cognitive potential was calculated based on genome-wide association studies. Results We found that nonrational thinking, polygenic cognitive potential, cognitive performance, or socioeconomic factors were not related to social intolerance. Regarding cognitive styles, low flexibility (B = -0.759, p < .001), high perseverance (B = 1.245, p < .001), and low persistence (B = -0.329, p < .001) predicted higher social intolerance consistently in the analyses. Discussion When developing prejudice-reduction interventions, it should be considered that educational level or cognitive performance may not be crucial for development of social intolerance. Adopting certain cognitive styles may play more important roles in development of social intolerance.Peer reviewe