Domestication Impacts the Wheat-Associated Microbiota and the Rhizosphere Colonization by Seed- and Soil-Originated Microbiomes, Across Different Fields

The seed-transmitted microorganisms and the microbiome of the soil in which the plant grows are major drivers of the rhizosphere microbiome, a crucial component of the plant holobiont. The seed-borne microbiome can be even coevolved with the host plant as a result of adaptation and vertical transmission over generations. The reduced genome diversity and crossing events during domestication might have influenced plant traits that are important for root colonization by seed-borne microbes and also rhizosphere recruitment of microbes from the bulk soil. However, the impact of the breeding on seed-transmitted microbiome composition and the plant ability of microbiome selection from the soil remain unknown. Here, we analyzed both endorhiza and rhizosphere microbiome of two couples of genetically related wild and cultivated wheat species (Aegilops tauschii/Triticum aestivum and T. dicoccoides/T. durum) grown in three locations, using 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 metabarcoding, to assess the relative contribution of seed-borne and soil-derived microbes to the assemblage of the rhizosphere microbiome. We found that more bacterial and fungal ASVs are transmitted from seed to the endosphere of all species compared with the rhizosphere, and these transmitted ASVs were species-specific regardless of location. Only in one location, more microbial seed transmission occurred also in the rhizosphere of A. tauschii compared with other species. Concerning soil-derived microbiome, the most distinct microbial genera occurred in the rhizosphere of A. tauschii compared with other species in all locations. The rhizosphere of genetically connected wheat species was enriched with similar taxa, differently between locations. Our results demonstrate that host plant criteria for soil bank’s and seed-originated microbiome recruitment depend on both plants’ genotype and availability of microorganisms in a particular environment. This study also provides indications of coevolution between the host plant and its associated microbiome resulting from the vertical transmission of seed-originated taxa

Elevated Atmospheric {CO}2 Modifies Mostly the Metabolic Active Rhizosphere Soil Microbiome in the Giessen {FACE} Experiment

Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 lead to the increase of plant photosynthetic rates, carbon inputs into soil and root exudation. In this work, the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 levels on the metabolic active soil microbiome have been investigated at the Giessen free-air CO2 enrichment (Gi-FACE) experiment on a permanent grassland site near Giessen, Germany. The aim was to assess the effects of increased C supply into the soil, due to elevated CO2, on the active soil microbiome composition. RNA extraction and 16S rRNA (cDNA) metabarcoding sequencing were performed from bulk and rhizosphere soils, and the obtained data were processed for a compositional data analysis calculating diversity indices and differential abundance analyses. The structure of the metabolic active microbiome in the rhizospheric soil showed a clear separation between elevated and ambient CO2 (p = 0.002); increased atmospheric CO2 concentration exerted a significant influence on the microbiomes differentiation (p = 0.01). In contrast, elevated CO2 had no major influence on the structure of the bulk soil microbiome (p = 0.097). Differential abundance results demonstrated that 42 bacterial genera were stimulated under elevated CO2. The RNA-based metabarcoding approach used in this research showed that the ongoing atmospheric CO2 increase of climate change will significantly shift the microbiome structure in the rhizosphere

Preliminary Microbiological Coastal Water Quality Determination along the Department of Atlantico (Colombia): Relationships with Beach Characteristics

Beach water quality is an important factor concerning public health and tourism linked to the "Sun, Sea and Sand" market and is usually assessed in international regulations by the quantification of Escherichia coli and enterococci counts. Despite Salmonella spp. detection not being included in international normative, the presence/absence of this bacteria is also an indicator of seawater quality. The objective of this study was to determine microbiological quality of beach water at 14 beaches along the Department of Atlantico (Colombia) and its relationship with beach characteristics as beach typology (i.e., urban, village, rural and remote areas), presence of beach facilities (e.g., bars, restaurants, etc.) and streams outflowing into the coastline. Sampling program aimed to analyse E. coli and Salmonella spp., by culture-based and real time PCR methods, respectively. Microbiological outcomes were compared with beach characteristics, and a cluster analysis was performed. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% and 20% of samples, respectively. Highest E. coli counts were observed at beaches classified as urban and at Sabanilla, a rural beach with presence of numerous beach restaurants/bars. Salmonella spp. presence was associated with streams that lack wastewater treatment systems. Cluster analysis clearly evidenced the relationship between E. coli and Salmonella spp. and beach characteristics, allowing to obtain indications to implement management programs. According to data obtained, monitoring programs have to be especially carried out in urban areas and at places with beach facilities. This could enhance microbiological water quality and consequently, beachgoers safety and touristic beach attractiveness to international visitors

A Preliminary Approximation to Microbiological Beach Sand Quality along the Coast of the Department of Atlántico (Caribbean Sea of Colombia): Influence of the Magdalena River

Beaches represent important economic resources linked to “Sun, Sea and Sand” tourism and, therefore, their water quality constitutes an issue of great relevance especially in developing countries. The main objective of this work was to determine the microbial quality of beach sediments along the Caribbean coast of the Department of Atlántico (Colombia) and its relationships with the existence of local sources of contamination (e.g., streams containing wastewaters), beach exposition to waves, the quantity of beach visitors—which is reflected by beach typology (e.g., urban, rural, etc.), the presence of tourist activities/infrastructures and the beach sand sedimentological characteristics. Along the study area, samples of beach sediments were gathered in beach face and backshore areas at 11 sectors and the microbiological counts of three faecal indicator bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens, were determined. A homogeneous distribution was recorded along the coast of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in both beach face and backshore sediments, in the order of 5 and 2 log CFU/100 mL, respectively; Enterococcus spp. was, at places, not observed in backshore sediments. No relationships existed between, on one side, the counts of the faecal indicator bacteria considered and, on the other side, the presence of streams and tourist activities/infrastructures, beach typology, exposition to waves and the sedimentological characteristics of beach sands. Such results suggest a chronic contamination of beach face and backshore sediments linked to the heavily polluted sedimentological load of the Magdalena River

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Evaluación de la biodegradación de PCB’S en aceite dieléctrico de transformador realizada por consorcios microbianos

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales) -- Universidad de Cartagena. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales, 2015Los Bifenilos policlorados (PCB's) son moléculas xenobióticas que contienen en su estructura átomos de carbono, hidrógeno y cloro; son muy estables, no conducen la electricidad y son poco volátiles a temperaturas normales. Las consecuencias asociadas a la exposición a este grupo de compuestos incluyen, efectos carcinogénicos, genotóxicos, teratógenos, alteraciones en la reproducción. En Colombia de acuerdo al Inventario Preliminar de Compuestos PCB, se ha estimado que solo en el país hay una cantidad de PCB’s entre 11585 Ton a 19256 Ton en transformadores y otros equipos contaminado. Sin embargo, actualmente son escasos los reportes de degradación realizadas por cepas individuales o consorcios de microorganismos, en los cuales se trabajen matrices complejas contaminadas con PCB’s, como lo es el aceite dieléctrico para transformador altamente contaminado. Por lo cual este proyecto tiene como objetivo general el de evaluar la biodegradación de PCB’s en aceites dieléctricos de transformador realizada por consorcios de bacterias aerobias y anaerobias y hongos. Se utilizaron cuatro consorcios (bacterias aerobias, bacterias anaerobias, hongos y un ensayo mixto), y se realizó la determinación de la capacidad de degradación con y sin la adición de una fuente de carbono adicional, midiendo la concentración de PCB’s y la biomasa microbiana; los ensayos de degradación se realizaron en medio mínimo mineral adicionado con aceite dieléctrico estéril contaminado con PCB’s, ajustando la concentración final del contaminante a 250 ppm. Los resultados de los ensayos demuestran que 4 de los 8 tratamientos presentaron una disminución de la concentración de PCB’s superior al 50%. Al día 20 de evolución los ensayos de bacterias aerobias con acetato y hongos presentaron un nivel de degradación superior al 75%, siendo significativamente inferiores las concentraciones residuales de PCB a las del grupo control. Asimismo, la adición de una fuente de carbono alternativa no estimuló la reducción de PCB’s en los tratamientos de Hongos, bacterias anaerobias y mixto, siendo el de bacterias aerobias el único en que la fuente de carbono alternativa aumentó la degradación

Effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on soil microbial processes and the soil microbiome

Der Klimawandel, der auf den Anstieg der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre zurückzuführen ist, hat verschiedene Auswirkungen auf unterschiedliche Ökosysteme in der ganzen Welt. Zu den Auswirkungen von erhöhtem atmosphärischem CO2 (eCO2) auf Bodenökosysteme gehören die Folgen für den Pflanzenstoffwechsel, die den Anstieg der Photosyntheseraten der Pflanzen, den Kohlenstoffeintrag in den Boden und die Wurzelexsudation umfassen. Da etwa 21% des photosynthetisch gebundenen Kohlenstoffs in die Rhizosphäre des Bodens gelangt, hat eCO2 direkte Auswirkungen auf die Bodenmikroorganismen und die von ihnen geführten mikrobiellen Prozesse. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit die Auswirkungen von eCO2 auf das Bodenmikrobiom und die mikrobiellen Prozesse im Boden an zwei Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Experimenten (FACE) in Hessen, Deutschland, untersucht. Das Gießener FACE und das Geisenheimer VineyardFACE, wobei ersteres auf einem Grünlandfeld mit einer langfristigen Exposition mit eCO2 und letzteres in einer Rebenanlage mit einer mittelfristigen Exposition mit eCO2 angesiedelt ist. Das Bodenmikrobiom wurde mit Hilfe von Hochdurchsatz-Sequenzierungsmethoden analysiert, um die bodenaktiven Mikroorganismen durch die Analyse von 16S rRNA und mRNA für einen taxonomischen bzw. funktionellen Metagenomik-ansatz zu bewerten. Daneben wurde die mikrobielle Aktivität des Bodens durch die Bewertung der Bodenatmungsaktivität, Echtzeit-qPCR für 16S rRNA und funktionelle Gene, Bodengasflüsse und bodenchemische Parameter gemessen. Die 16S rRNA-Ergebnisse aus beiden Anlagen zeigten, dass sich die eCO2-Behandlungen signifikant von denen mit normalem atmosphärischem CO2 unterschieden und dass die Bereiche mit höherem Pflanzeneinfluss am stärksten von eCO2 betroffen waren. Darüber hinaus zeigten 16S rRNA qPCR-Analysen im Gießener FACE eine Zunahme der Anzahl aktiver Bakterien, im Gegensatz zum Geisenheimer Vineyard-FACE, wo eine Abnahme der Kopienzahlen der bakteriellen 16S rRNA auftrat, nichtsdestotrotz war an beiden Standorten die gesamte Bodenaktivität bei den eCO2-Behandlungen erhöht. Darüber hinaus zeigten Analysen der differentiellen Abundanz, dass mehrere mikrobielle Taxa durch eCO2 entweder positiv oder negativ beeinflusst wurden, da viele dieser Taxa direkt in den Nährstoffkreislauf des Bodens eingebunden sind. Die Analyse funktioneller Gene mittels qPCR und funktioneller Metatranskriptomik deutete Beeinträchtigungen von mikrobiellem Prozesse an, die am Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoffkreislauf beteiligt sind. Die an beiden Standorten gewonnenen Daten wiesen auf eine Verringerung der Stickstofffixierung unter eCO2 hin, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Bodenmikroorganismen die organische Bodensubstanz (SOM) abbauen, um ihren höheren Bedarf an Stickstoff zu decken, da bei eCO2-Konzentrationen eine größere Verfügbarkeit von Kohlenstoff besteht. Darüber hinaus zeigte die funktionelle Metatranskriptomik des Gießener FACE eine Zunahme des Kohlenhydrat- und Aminosäurestoffwechsels sowie eine Zunahme von Genen für den Abbau von Zellulose, Chitin und Lignin. Was den Stickstoffkreislauf betrifft, so wurde eine Verschiebung im Stoffwechsel der Nitrat (NO3-)-Reduktion beobachtet, mit einer Zunahme des dissimilatorischen NO3--Reduktionswegs zu Ammonium (NH4+) (DNRA) und einer Verminderung des Denitrifikationsprozesses, was die in der Gießener FACE beobachtete Zunahme der N2O-Emissionen erklärt. Generell zeigen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit, dass eCO2 und der Klimawandel das aktive Bodenmikrobiom in zwei verschiedenen Ökosystemen mit unterschiedlich langer Exposition mit eCO2 signifikant beeinflusst haben, was zu signifikanten Veränderungen in der Art und Weise führt, wie Bodenmikroorganismen Bodenelemente nutzen und umsetzen

Panorama actual de los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes

A group of anthropogenic substances known as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), has a negative impact on the environment and health. Its main effects in humans are: testicular cancer, breast cancer, and others; oligospermia, problems in learning and development, and hormonal alterations. In the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which entered into force on May 17, 2001, mea- sures were established to eliminate the production and use of persistent bioaccumulative toxics in organisms among which are: aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, and poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This article aims to describe the current situation of POPs, with an emphasis on the environmental and health problems associated with exposure, as well as the measures that have been developed world wide and also at a national level for the control and elimination of POP.Un grupo de sustancias de carácter antropogénico conocido como Compuestos Orgánicos Persistentes (COPs), tiene impacto negativo sobre el medioambiente y la salud. Sus principales efectos en humanos son: cáncer de testículo, cáncer de mamas, y otros; oliogospermia, problemas en el desarrollo y aprendizaje, y alteraciones hor- monales. En el Convenio de Estocolmo sobre Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes, que entró en vigor el 17 de mayo de 2001, se establecieron medidas para eliminar la producción y uso de tóxicos persistentes y bioacumulables en los organismos entre los cuales están: aldrin, clordano, dieldrina, endrina, heptacloro, hexaclorobenceno, mirex, toxafeno y Bifenilos Policlorados (PCBs). El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir el panorama actual de los COPs, con énfasis en los problemas ambientales y de salud asociados a la exposición, además de las medidas que se desarrollan a nivel mundial y nacional para su control y eliminación