FRUTAS PROCESSADAS SOB A FORMA DE SALADA: PREFERÊNCIAS DOS CONSUMIDORES E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NO MERCADO

Neste estudo avaliam-se as preferências do consumidor quanto ao consumo de salada de frutas minimamente processadas em Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Especificamente, identificam-se os tipos de fruta para compor a salada; o preço que o consumidor estaria disposto a pagar pelo produto; a quantidade de produto por embalagem; o perfil do consumidor, entre outros fatores determinantes do consumo. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à estatística descritiva. O consumidor potencial possui um perfil de indivíduo propenso a adquirir novos produtos, o que indica sua boa aceitação no mercado. Com relação à embalagem, poder-se-ia optar por cinco tipos de tamanho: 50g, 100g, 150g, 200g e 250g. De maneira geral, percebe-se que a salada de fruta pode-se constituir em oportunidade de mercado para o setor frutícola da região, e em mais um mercado para escoar a produção local, especialmente àqueles da Zona da Mata Mineira. -------------------------------------------This work has as objective identifies the consumer’s preferences about the consumption of salads from processed fruit in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Specifically, it’s identified the kinds of fruit to make the salad; the price the end user would be willing to afford for the product; the quantity of the product per package; the consumer’s profile; these among other determining conditions for the consumption. From the collected data it was made a characterized statistics. The potential consumer has a profile of someone who has a tendency to make new acquisitions. It’s a index to show that a product that was undergone to a research probably will be well accepted in the market. Related to the package, it could choose among five sizes: 50g, 100g, 150g, 200g and 250g. In a general way, it’s noticed that the fruit salad can be a market opportunity to the fruit sector of that region and it can be a specific market to flow the local production, specially that one from the Minas Gerais’ Rural Area.demanda, processamento, ato de consumo, demand, processing, act of consuming, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURA ESPACIAL DO MERCADO BRASILEIRO DE SUÍNOS

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, analisar o padrão e o grau de integração dos mercados de suínos nos diferentes estados brasileiros, no período de janeiro de 1980 a março de 2005. foram analisados aspectos relacionados à forma de relacionamento entre eles e à determinação dos mercados mais ou menos integrados. além do mais, analisaram-se os fatores que determinam o grau de integração entre esses mercados. O método utilizado neste estudo foi o de séries temporais, mais especificamente a análise de co-integração multivariada de modo geral, observou-se que o mercado brasileiro de suínos apresentou grande dinamismo em relação ao comportamento dos preços nas diferentes localidades que compõem o mercado, considerando que todos os ajustes ocorreram relativamente rápido, ou seja, num período de menos de três meses. Em relação à análise dos determinantes do grau de integração no mercado brasileiro de suínos, pode-se dizer que há uma relação direta entre as localidades que possuem maior acesso à infra-estrutura de comunicação, melhores níveis educacionais e melhor infra-estrutura de transporte com o grau de integração, o que permite inferir que há um relacionamento entre o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e social dos estados e o grau de integração. Portanto, medidas direcionadas à melhoria da infra-estrutura de transporte e comunicação, além do aumento do nível educacional da população, podem contribuir para o aumento do grau de relacionamento entre as localidades do mercado e, dessa forma, aumentar sua eficiência e competitividade.---------------------------------------------The objectives of this work were to analyze swine market integration in different brazilian states from january 1980 through march 2005. Aspects related to market interrelationship, and determination of more or less integrated markets were analyzed, as well as the factors determining the degree of integration among these markets. The method used in this study was that of temporal series, more specifically, multivariate co-integration analysis. Overall, it was observed that the brazilian swine market showed great vitality regarding price behavior in the different localities studied, considering that all the adjustments occurred relatively fast, i.e., within a period shorter than three months. with regard to the analysis of the determinants of the degree of integration in the brazilian swine market, one can state that there is a direct relationship between the localities possessing greater access to communication infrastructure, better educational levels and better transport infrastructure and degree of integration, allowing to infer that there is a relationship between the level of economic and social development and degree of integration of the states. Therefore, measures directed to improving transport and communication infrastructure, as well as increasing the educational level of the population may contribute to increased degree of relationship among the market localities, leading to enhanced efficiency and competitivity.Integração de mercado, suínos e co-integração multivariada, Market integration, swine e multivariate co-integration, Livestock Production/Industries,

ANÁLISE DA COMPETITIVIDADE DO AÇÚCAR BRASILEIRO NO MERCADO INTERNACIONAL, 1990 A 2004

Mudanças ocorridas na economia mundial, como liberalização de mercados e formação de blocos, têm exigido que países em desenvolvimento, como no caso do Brasil, acompanhem tais transformações principalmente no que se refere à busca por produtos diferenciados e de maior qualidade. Diante disso, o setor açúcar iniciou um processo de reestruturação produtiva, visando estimular a modernização e, com isso, ampliar sua competitividade no comércio internacional. Considerando a importância desse setor para a economia brasileira, no que se refere à participação no PIB e na geração de divisas, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de açúcar, no período de 1990 a 2004. O modelo teórico utilizado esta fundamentado na Teoria da competitividade e do Comércio Internacional. O procedimento de análise baseou-se nos indicadores de desempenho, eficiência e capacitação. Os dados usados foram obtidos em diversas instituições, tais como a Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Agricultura (FAO), a FNP Consultoria e o Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT). Os indicadores de competitividade apresentados indicaram que o açúcar brasileiro é altamente competitivo no comércio internacional, visto que as exportações foram crescentes e as importações decrescentes, chegando, em alguns períodos, a zero. Constatou-se, também, a representatividade do açúcar no PIB agrícola e na geração de divisas para o país. Os indicadores de eficiência e capacitação mostraram que o Brasil vem aumentando a sua competitividade por meio de maiores rendimentos com o produto e maiores gastos em ciência e tecnologia, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o setor de açúcar tem ampliado a sua competitividade com relação aos principais países produtores.----------------------------------------------Changes happened in the world economy, such as liberalization of markets and formation of blocks any they have been demanding that developing countries, Brazil’s case, accompany such transformations mainly in what refers to the search for differentiated products of larger quality. Before that, the sugar sector began a process of productive restructuring, seeking to stimulate the modernization and, with that, to enlarge competitiveness in international trade. Considering the importance of that sector for Brazilian economy, regaling the participation in GDP and in generation dollar, the objective of this paper is evaluate the competitiveness of Brazilian sugar exports, in the period from 1990 to 2004. The theoretical model was Theory of the competitiveness and of the International Trade. The analysis was based on the acting indicators, efficiency and capacity. Data were obtained in several institutions; such as the Ministry of the development of agriculture and trade (SECEX), of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas, the Organization of the United Nations for the Agriculture (FAO), FNP Consultoria and the Ministry of the Science and Technology (MCT). The indicators of competitiveness indicated that Brazilian sugar is highly competitive in international scene, because exports were growing and decreasing imports, arriving, in some periods, to zero. It was verified, also, the representativeness of sugar in agricultural GDP and in the generation of dollar to the country. Efficiency indicators and capacity showed that Brazil is increasing competitiveness through larger incomes and larger expenses in science and technology, respectively. Therefore the sugar sector has been enlarging competitiveness company the main producing countries.Competitividade, Mercado internacional, Açúcar, Competitiveness, international Market, Sugar, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade,

Desempenho do comércio exterior em Minas Gerais: estrutura, vantagem comparativa e comércio intraindústria

The globalization, an international process evidenced in the 80's decade, has requested the government and economic agents an orientation to reach international levels of competitiveness by the various sectors of the economy. Besides this fact, Minas Gerais state is the second state exporter in Brazil. It emphasizes the importance of the analysis of the structure and behavior of the export sector, as well as their effects on different economic sectors in the period 1996 to 2008. The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze groups of products that Minas Gerais state has revealed comparative advantages, degree of concentration of products and destinations of exports, and intra-industry or inter-industry trade. The theoretical model is based on the Theory of International Trade and Competitiveness. The analysis procedure utilizes indexes of revealed comparative advantages, contribution to trade balance ratio, Gini-Hischaman and trade intra-industry indexes. The data were generated by the Brazilian Department of Commerce. The results showed high concentration in a few products, such as (09) Coffee, tea, and spices, etc. (26) mining industry, (71) natural or cultured pearls, and (72) iron and steel, and destination markets, such as EU, NAFTA and Asia. Finally, the paper indicates that international trade in Minas Gerais state is basically inter-industrial, therefore a trade type Herckscher - Olhin.Revealed comparative advantage, Trade intra-industry, Exports, International Relations/Trade,

Competitividade do sistema produtivo de cana-de-açúcar em Minas Gerais: abordagem Matriz de Análise Política

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency and the competitiveness of the sugarcane production in Minas Gerais, based on different production systems. The applied theory is based on the Theory of the Firm and of the International Trade. The analytical method is the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The results suggest that the production systems are competitive and efficient and that the irrigated production system presented the greatest competitiveness.Competitiveness, Policy Analysis Matrix, Sugarcane, Crop Production/Industries,

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: mapping the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe

We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median ). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July