Modulation of near-field heat transfer between two gratings

We present a theoretical study of near-field heat transfer between two uniaxial anisotropic planar structures. We investigate how the distance and relative orientation (with respect to their optical axes) between the objects affect the heat flux. In particular, we show that by changing the angle between the optical axes it is possible in certain cases to modulate the net heat flux up to 90% at room temperature, and discuss possible applications of such a strong effect

Validation of the dutch eating behavior questionnaire for children (DEBQ-C) for use with Spanish children

Introduction: The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire for children was developed by Van Strien and Oosterveld (2008) to measure three different eating behaviors (emotional eating, restrained eating and external eating); it is an adaptation of the DEBQ for adults. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) with a Spanish sample. Method: The DEBQ-C was administered to 473 children (240 boys and 233 girls), from 10 to 14 years old. The sample included a Clinical Overweight Group (COG; n = 81) comprising children who were receiving weight loss treatments, a Non Clinical Overweight Group (NCOG, n = 31) comprising children who were overweight but not in treatment, and a Normal Weight Group (NWG, n = 280). Results: Results showed that the DEBQ-C had acceptable internal consistency (a = 0.70). Temporal stability was good for “External Eating” and “Restrained Eating” scales. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor solution had good fit indices. Furthermore, the clinical overweight participants scored significantly higher on “External Eating” and “Restrained Eating” compared to the normal weight children. Conclusion: The DEBQ-C proved to be an effective instrument for researching children’s eating behaviors.Introducción: El cuestionario holandés de comportamiento alimentario para niños fue desarrollado por Van Strien y Oosterveld (2008) para medir tres conductas diferentes de ingesta (comer emocional, comer restrictivo, y comer externo). Este cuestionario es una adaptación del DEBQpara adultos. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario Holandés de Comportamiento Alimentario Infantil (DEBQ-C) con una muestra española. Método: El DEBQ-C se administró a un total de 473 niños (240 niños y niñas 233), de 10 a 14 años de edad. La muestra incluye un grupo clínico de niños con sobrepeso (COG, n = 81) que comprende los niños que estaban recibiendo tratamientos de pérdida de peso, un grupo de niños no clínico con sobrepeso (NCOG, n = 31) que comprende los niños que tenían sobrepeso pero que no estaban en tratamiento, y un grupo normopeso (NWG, n = 280). Resultados: Los resultados indican que el DEBQ-C mostró una coherencia interna aceptable (a = 0,70). La estabilidad temporal fue buena para las escalas “comer externo” y “comer restrictivo”. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la solución de tres factores presenta buenos índices de ajuste. Además, los participantes con sobrepeso clínicos puntuaron significativamente más alto en “comer externo“ y “comer restrictivo” en comparación con los niños de peso normal. Conclusiones: Se demuestra que el DEBQ-C es un instrumento eficaz para la investigación del comportamiento alimentario en niños.CIBERobn is an initiative of ISCIII. This study has been supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica 2008-2011) in the project (PSI2008-04392/PSIC

Efeitos dos esteróides sexuais sobre o humor e a cognição

The results of several experimental and observational studies suggest that sexual steroids present effects on central nervous system and potentially may affect mood and cognition. The use of estrogens in pre and postmenopausal period is associated to improvement of concentration, mood, memory and sleep pattern. Estrogens are also is associated to a delay in cognitive function decline characteristic of aging process or to the onset of Alzheimer disease. The observational studies indicate that estrogens may improve the mood and act as antidpressive but progesterone and its derivatives have opposite effect. However, randomized controlled trials suggest that the estrogen or estrogen plus progestins not only failed to improove mood, cognition na quality of life but also increase the risk of dementia. Therefore, there is a contradiction between observational and controlled randomized studies. Further investigations must to be done in order to clarify this controversy. However, up to now the data indicate that estrogen therapy is not to be primarily indicated to prevent depression, Alzheimer disease or cognition impairment.Estudos experimentais e observacionais sugerem que os esteróides sexuais apresentam uma série de efeitos sobre o cérebro e que, potencialmente, afetam a cognição e o humor. O uso dos estrogênios na peri e pós-menopausa está associado à melhora da concentração, humor, memória e sono. Está também associado a retardo no declínio da função cognitiva, característico do envelhecimento, e os dados sugerem também um papel dos estrogênios no retardo do início da doença de Alzheimer. Vários estudos observacionais indicam, ainda, que os estrogênios atuam melhorando o humor e têm ação antidepressiva. Já a progesterona e seus derivados têm mostrado efeitos opostos aos dos estrogênios. Por outro lado, dados de estudos randomizados e controlados mostraram que a associação de estrogênios mais progestagênios utilizados em mulheres na pós-menopausa não só falhou em melhorar a memória, cognição e qualidade de vida, mas também aumentou o risco de demência, portanto contradisse os estudos observacionais e experimentais. Novas pesquisas serão necessárias para esclarecer essas controvérsias. Os dados disponíveis até o momento indicam que não se deve prescrever primariamente a estrogenioterapia para prevenir depressão, doença de Alzheimer ou piora da função cognitiva

Grain challenge affects systemic and hepatic molecular biomarkers of inflammation, stress, and metabolic responses to a greater extent in Holstein than Jersey cows

Long-term feeding of high-grain diets to dairy cows often results in systemic inflammation characterized by alterations in acute-phase proteins and other biomarkers, both in plasma and immune-responsive tissues like the liver. The molecular and systemic changes that characterize an acute grain feeding challenge remain unclear. The current study involved 6 Holstein and 6 Jersey cows in a replicated 2 × 2 Latin square. Periods (10 d) were divided into 4 stages (S): S1, d 1 to 3, served as baseline with total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum; S2, d 4, served as restricted feeding, with cows offered 50% of the average daily intake observed in S1; S3, d 5, a grain challenge was performed, in which cows were fed a TMR ad libitum without (CON) or with an additional pellet wheat-barley (1:1; HIG) at 20% of dry matter intake top-dressed onto the TMR; S4, d 6 to 10, served as recovery during which cows were allowed ad libitum access to the TMR. Among the 28 biomarkers analyzed in blood 12 h after grain challenge on d 5, the concentrations of fatty acids and bilirubin increased in HIG Holstein but not Jersey cows. In Holsteins, feeding HIG also increased total protein and albumin while decreasing ceruloplasmin, myeloperoxidase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations. At the molecular level, hepatic genes associated with inflammation (IL1B, IL6, TNF, TLR4, MYD88, and NFKB1) were upregulated in Holstein cows fed HIG versus CON. Despite such response, expression of the acute-phase proteins SAA and HP in Holsteins fed HIG compared with CON was markedly downregulated. In Holsteins fed HIG versus CON, the marked downregulation of SCD, ELOVL6, and MTTP along with upregulated CPT1A, ACOX1, and APOA5 indicated alterations in fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism during grain challenge. Genes related to ketogenesis (HMGCS2 and ACAT1) were upregulated in Jerseys, and gluconeogenic genes (PDK4 and PCK1) were upregulated in Holstein cows fed HIG, suggesting alterations in ketone body and glucose production. Expression of phosphorylated p70S6K1, RPS6, and 4EBP1 proteins, as well as total mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein, decreased in Holsteins fed HIG, whereas phosphorylated mTOR and 4EBP1 proteins increased in Jerseys fed HIG. From a metabolic and inflammatory biomarker standpoint, data indicate that Jersey cows better tolerated the acute grain challenge. Alterations in mTOR signaling proteins in both Jerseys and Holsteins fed HIG suggest a potential role for exogenous AA in the hepatic adaptations to grain challenge. It remains to be determined if these acute responses to a grain challenge can elicit long-term liver dysfunction, which could negatively affect welfare of the cow

Association of classical risk factors and coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients submitted to coronary angiography

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). T2DM accelerates atherosclerosis alongside classical risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension. This study aims to investigate the association of hyperglycemia and associated risk factors with CAD in outpatients with T2DM undergoing coronary angiography.Methods: 818 individuals referred to coronary angiography were evaluated for glucose disturbances. After exclusion of those with prediabetes, 347 individuals with T2DM and 94 normoglycemic controls were studied for BMI, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipids, HOMA, adiponectin, Framingham risk score, number of clinically significant coronary lesions (stenosis > 50%).Results: Among T2DM subjects, those with CAD (n = 237) had worse glycemic control (fasting glucose 162.3 + 69.8 vs. 143.4 + 48.9 mg/dL, p = 0.004; HbA1c 8.03 + 1.91 vs. 7.59 + 1.55%, p = 0.03), lower HDL (39.2 + 13.2 vs. 44.4 + 15.9 mg/dL, p = 0.003), and higher triglycerides (140 [106-204] vs. 121 [78.5-184.25] mg/dL, p = 0.002), reached more often therapeutic goals for LDL (63.4% vs. 51.4%, p = 0.037) and less often goals for HDL (26.6% vs. 37.3%, p = 0.04), when compared to CAD-free individuals (n = 110). the same differences were not seen in normoglycemic controls. in T2DM subjects HbA1c tertiles were associated with progressively higher number of significant coronary lesions (median number of lesions 2 [A1c 8.2%]; p = 0.01 for trend).Conclusions: Classic risk factors such as glycemic control and lipid profile were associated with presence of CAD in T2DM subjects undergoing coronary angiography. Glycemic control is progressively associated with number and extent of coronary lesions in patients with T2DM.Universidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Escola Paulista Med, Ctr Diabet, BR-04039002 São Paulo, BrazilCEDEBA, BR-41820000 Salvador, BA, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Escola Paulista Med, Ctr Diabet, BR-04039002 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc