Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees.

Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate

Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees

13 Pág.Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Swiss National Science Foundation (Project C15.0081) Grant 174644 and the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment Grant 00.0418.PZ/P193-1077. This work was supported by COST Action “Global Warning” (FP1401). CABI is an international intergovernmental organisation, and R.E., M.K., H.L. and I.F. gratefully acknowledge the core financial support from our member countries (and lead agencies) including the United Kingdom (Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office), China (Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Australia (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), Canada (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), Netherlands (Directorate General for International Cooperation), and Switzerland (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation). See https://www.cabi.org/aboutcabi/who-we-work-with/key-donors/ for full details. M.B. and M.K.H. were financially supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (Project APVV-19-0116). H.B. would like to thank the botanist Jorge Capelo who helped with Myrtaceae identification and INIAV IP for supporting her contribution to this study. Contributions of M. de G. and B.P. were financed through Slovenian Research Agency (P4-0107) and by the Slovenian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food (Public Forestry Service). G.C, C.B.E. and A.F.M. were supported by OTKA 128008 research grant provided by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office. Contributions of K.A. and R.D. were supported by the Estonian Research Council grants PSG136 and PRG1615. M.J.J., C.L.M. and H.P.R. were financially supported by the 15. Juni Fonden (Grant 2017-N-123). P.B., B.G. and M.Ka. were financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland for the University of Agriculture in Krakow (SUB/040013-D019). C.N. was financially supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (Grant APVV-15-0531). N.K. was partially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant № 22-16-00075) [species identification] and the basic project of Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS (№ FWES-2021-0011) [data analysis]. R.OH. was supported by funding from DAERA, and assistance from David Craig, AFBI. T.P. thanks the South African Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) for funding noting that this publication does not necessarily represent the views or opinions of DFFE or its employees. In preparing the publication, materials of the bioresource scientific collection of the CSBG SB RAS “Collections of living plants indoors and outdoors” USU_440534 (Novosibirsk, Russia) were used. M.Z. was financially supported by Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (contract no. 451-03-47/2023-01/200197). We acknowledge the Genetic Diversity Centre (GDC) at ETH Zurich for providing computational infrastructure and acknowledge the contribution of McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Center (Montréal, Quebec, Canada) for pair-end sequencing on Illumina MiSeq. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewe

Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees

DATA AVAILABITY STATEMENT: The data used in this manuscript, as well as the detail methods on how they were collected and public repositories in which they are stored, are described in Franić et al.40. The raw paired-end Illumina sequencing reads of the ITS2 region are archived at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under BioProject accession number PRJNA70814822. Assembled herbivorous insect COI sequences are deposited in GenBank database under accession numbers MW441337–MW441767.SUPPORTING INFORMATION: FILE S1: ModelsNon-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on diferences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could afect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.https://www.nature.com/srep/Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)SDG-13:Climate actionSDG-15:Life on lan

Past and present distribution of the rare aquatic plant Luronium natans (Alismataceae) in Belgium shows marked decline and bad conservation status

Background and aims – Luronium natans is a rare endemic plant of West- and Central-Europe and protected by the Habitats Directive. The present study gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of its past and present distribution in Belgium, which lies within the core area of Luronium natans . Methods – We assessed the distribution by consulting herbaria, literature and databases, and by additional field visits, recording the number of ramets, flowering, general site characteristics and accompanying plant species for extant populations. Key results – The core area of Luronium natans is located in the Campine phytogeographical district, a region with sandy soils in northern Belgium. Overall, it was recorded at c. 250 sites in 155 16 km 2 -squares, with 93 populations occurring since 1980. Field observations show thirty extant populations, all but one in the northern part of the country. Less than half of them are large flowering populations with a good conservation status as far as the species population characteristics are concerned; 30% are located in nature reserves and 70% in Special Areas of Conservation. The number of records decreased since 1985, especially outside the core area. This decline related well to eutrophication, but not to anthropogenic acidification. In general, populations are short-lived and population size fluctuates strongly. Population size correlates with flowering incidence. For one isolated population it appears that the species was introduced with fish. Conclusions – The number of Luronium natans records shows that the Belgian territory accounts for a significant part of its global distribution. There was however a marked decline of records since 1985, especially outside its core area. Moreover, most of the remaining populations are small and have a bad conservation status. They show little or no flowering, which is worrying, considering the alleged importance of sexual reproduction for the survival of the species

Le contrôle par l'Union européenne du respect de la démocratie et des droits de l'homme par ses Etats Membres: à propos de l'Autriche

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

beta-lactoglobulin denaturation, aggregation, and fouling in a plate heat exchanger: Pilot-scale experiments and dimensional analysis

International audienceIn this work, we investigated the role of four independent process parameters, namely product temperature at the heat exchanger outlet, mean residence time, temperature increase between the heat exchanger inlet and outlet, and heat effectiveness, in the protein denaturation, aggregation, and fouling of a beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg) concentrate that was chosen as model fluid for milk derivatives. A pilot scale plate heat exchanger in countercurrent configuration, supplied with a holder, was used in order to mimic industrial process conditions. The denaturation level and aggregates size of the heat treated beta-lg concentrate at the exchanger and holder outlets, along with the fouling mass in the plate heat exchanger were simultaneously determined. The results indicated that beta-lg denaturation, aggregation, and fouling reactions were mainly governed by the temperature profile in the investigated range of operating conditions, even though a small influence of residence time and healing rate was highlighted in the less denaturing conditions. A dimensional analysis was performed to identify the key dimensionless numbers governing beta-lg denaturation, aggregation, and fouling mechanisms in the heat treatment of a beta-lg concentrate. This allowed to emphasise the major influence of the Arrhenius exponential factor of beta-lg unfolding reaction, both related to temperature and beta-lg reactivity. The first Damkohler and Reynolds numbers, related to residence time and hydrodynamic conditions in the heat exchanger, as well as the heat exchange process parameters, linked to the heat effectiveness and the bulk-wall temperature differences, had also a small impact on beta-lg chemical behaviour. Moreover, empirical relationships based only on the Arrhenius exponential factor of beta-lg unfolding reaction permitted to describe the main trends observed in denaturation levels, aggregate sizes, and fouling masses, which underlined the predominant role of temperature and beta-lg reactivity in the investigated operating conditions. This study outlines finally that fast heat treatments permit to minimise fouling issues

A CFD model as a tool to simulate beta-lactoglobulin heat-induced denaturation and aggregation in a plate heat exchanger

International audienceDuring the pasteurization process, the thermal treatment of milk and its derivatives in plate heat exchangers is limited by protein fouling. The deposition mechanism onto the heat transfer surface involves the denaturation and aggregation of B-lactoglobulin. In this work, a 2-D CFD analysis was conducted to simulate locally the heat-induced protein denaturation mechanisms. Firstly, we present various intermediate validations of the ability of the numerical model to capture the hydrodynamics, by showing the similarity of CFD results and experimental data. Finally, the close agreement between the denaturation level obtained by CFD and that obtained experimentally indicates the ability of the numerical model adopted to simulate the chemical reaction. The analysis of the species present in the plate heat exchanger is related to the deposit mass distribution along the heat exchanger using CFD data. It has been shown that the unfolded species are deposit precursors and that the distribution of the deposit is correlated to this source

Influence of Calcium/ Β-Lg Molar Ratio on Plate Heat Exchanger Fouling for Various Whey Protein Solutions

International audienc

Scientific user requirements for a herbarium data portal

The digitization of herbaria and their online access will greatly facilitate access to plant collections around the world. This will improve the efficiency of taxonomy and help reduce inequalities between scientists. The Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium, is currently digitizing 1.2 million specimens including label data. In this paper we describe the user requirements analysis conducted for a new herbarium web portal. The aim was to identify the required functionality, but also to assist in the prioritization of software development and data acquisition. The Garden conducted the analysis in cooperation with Clockwork, the digital engagement agency of Ordina. Using a series of interactive interviews, potential users were consulted from universities, research institutions, science-policy initiatives and the Botanic Garden Meise. Although digital herbarium data have many potential stakeholders, we focused on the needs of taxonomists, ecologists and historians, who are currently the primary users of the Meise herbarium data portal. The three categories of user have similar needs, all wanted as much specimen data as possible, and for those data, to be interlinked with other digital resources within and outside the Garden. Many users wanted an interactive system that they could comment on, or correct online, particularly if such corrections and annotations could be used to rank the reliability of data. Many requirements depend on the quality of the digitized data associated with each specimen. The essential data fields are the taxonomic name; geographic location; country; collection date; collector name and collection number. Also all researchers valued linkage between biodiversity literature and specimens. Nevertheless, to verify digitized data the researchers still want access to high quality images, even if fully transcribed label information is provided. The only major point of disagreement is the level of access users should have and what they should be allowed to do with the data and images. Not all of the user requirements are feasible given the current technical and regulatory landscape, however, the potential of these suggestions is discussed. Currently, there is no off-the-shelf solution to satisfy all these user requirements, but the intention of this paper is to guide other herbaria who are prioritising their investment in digitization and online web functionality.SCOPUS: ar.jSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe