Mantle wedge temperatures and their potential relation to volcanic arc location

The mechanisms underpinning the formation of a focused volcanic arc above subduction zones are debated. Suggestions include controls by: (i) where the subducting plate releases water, lowering the solidus in the overlying mantle wedge; (ii) the location where the mantle wedge melts to the highest degree; and (iii) a limit on melt formation and migration imposed by the cool shallow corner of the wedge. Here, we evaluate these three proposed mechanisms using a set of kinematically-driven 2D thermo-mechanical mantle-wedge models in which subduction velocity, slab dip and age, overriding-plate thickness and the depth of decoupling between the two plates are systematically varied. All mechanisms predict, on the basis of model geometry, that the arc-trench distance, D, decreases strongly with increasing dip, consistent with the negative D-dip correlations found in global subduction data. Model trends of sub-arc slab depth, H, with dip are positive if H is wedge-temperature controlled and overriding-plate thickness does not exceed the decoupling depth by more than 50 km, and negative if H is slab-temperature controlled. Observed global H-dip trends are overall positive. With increasing overriding plate thickness, the position of maximum melting shifts to smaller H and D, while the position of the trenchward limit of the melt zone, controlled by the wedge's cold corner, shifts to larger H and D, similar to the trend in the data for oceanic subduction zones. Thus, the limit imposed by the wedge corner on melting and melt migration seems to exert the first-order control on arc position

Array-conditioned deconvolution of multiple component teleseismic recordings

We investigate the applicability of an array-conditioned deconvolution technique, developed for analyzing borehole seismic exploration data, to teleseismic receiver functions and data preprocessing steps for scattered wavefield imaging. This multichannel deconvolution technique constructs an approximate inverse filter to the estimated source signature by solving an overdetermined set of deconvolution equations, using an array of receivers detecting a common source. We find that this technique improves the efficiency and automation of receiverfunction calculation and data preprocessing workflow. We apply this technique to synthetic experiments and to teleseismic data recorded in a dense array in northern Canada. Our results show that this optimal deconvolution automatically determines and subsequently attenuates the noise from data, enhancing P-to-S converted phases in seismograms with various noise levels. In this context, the array-conditioned deconvolution presents a new, effective and automatic means for processing large amounts of array data, as it does not require any ad-hoc regularization; the regularization is achieved naturally by using the noise present in the array itself

A Reappraisal of the H-κ Stacking Technique : Implications for Global Crustal Structure

We thank two anonymous reviewers and editor Michael Ritzwoller for insightful comments which have improved this manuscript. We also thank H. Meek for hard work during the early stages of this project and S. Pilidou, I. Dimitriadis, P. Iosif and their colleagues at the Geological Survey Department of Cyprus for their help establishing the TROODOS network (Bastow et al., 2017). V. Lane and D. Daly (both of SEIS-UK), A. Boyce, M. Liddell and R. Kounoudis were all excellent field assistants in Cyprus. SAC (Helffrich et al., 2013) and GMT (Wessel and Smith, 1991) software were used to process and image seismic data, which were sourced from IRIS DMC and ORFEUS. C.S. Ogden is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Doctoral Training Partnership: Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet, Grant Number NE/L002515/1. S. Rondenay’s contribution to this work was supported by Career Integration Grant 321871 - GLImER from the FP7 Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission, and by the Research Council of Norway FRINATEK programme through SwaMMIS project 231354.Peer reviewedPostprin

Modeling the ratios of SKKS and SKS amplitudes with ultra‐low velocity zones at the core‐mantle boundary

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94737/1/grl26377.pd

Stochastic Inversion of P-to-S Converted Waves for Mantle Composition and Thermal Structure: Methodology and Application

We present a new methodology for inverting P‐to‐S receiver function (RF) waveforms directly for mantle temperature and composition. This is achieved by interfacing the geophysical inversion with self‐consistent mineral phase equilibria calculations from which rock mineralogy and its elastic properties are predicted as a function of pressure, temperature, and bulk composition. This approach anchors temperatures, composition, seismic properties, and discontinuities that are in mineral physics data, while permitting the simultaneous use of geophysical inverse methods to optimize models of seismic properties to match RF waveforms. Resultant estimates of transition zone (TZ) topography and volumetric seismic velocities are independent of tomographic models usually required for correcting for upper mantle structure. We considered two end‐member compositional models: the equilibrated equilibrium assemblage (EA) and the disequilibrated mechanical mixture (MM) models. Thermal variations were found to influence arrival times of computed RF waveforms, whereas compositional variations affected amplitudes of waves converted at the TZ discontinuities. The robustness of the inversion strategy was tested by performing a set of synthetic inversions in which crustal structure was assumed both fixed and variable. These tests indicate that unaccounted‐for crustal structure strongly affects the retrieval of mantle properties, calling for a two‐step strategy presented herein to simultaneously recover both crustal and mantle parameters. As a proof of concept, the methodology is applied to data from two stations located in the Siberian and East European continental platforms.This work was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF project 200021_159907). B. T. was funded by a Délégation CNRS and Congé pour Recherches et Conversion Thématique from the Université de Lyon to visit the Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES), The Australian National University (ANU). B. T. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement 79382

Multiparameter two-dimensional inversion of scattered teleseismic body waves 1. Theory for oblique incidence

Abstract. This is the first paper in a three-part series that examines formal inversion of the teleseismic P wave coda for discontinuous variations in elastic properties beneath dense, threecomponent, seismic arrays. In this paper, we develop the theoretical framework for a migration method that draws upon the tenets of inverse scattering theory and is amenable to practical implementation. The forward problem is formulated for two-dimensional (2-D) heterogeneity in observance of formal sampling requirements and currently accessible instrumentation. A ray theoretic Green’s function, corresponding to a line source with axial component of forcing, is employed within the 2-D Born approximation to accommodate planar, incident wave fields at arbitrary back azimuths. Both the forward scattered response generated by the upgoing incident wave field and the backscattered response created by its reflection at the free surface are included within the formulation. In accordance with the high-frequency and single-scattering approximations employed in the forward problem the inverse problem is cast as a generalized Radon transform. The resulting back projection operator is well suited to the teleseismic context in several respects. It is tolerant of irregularities in array geometry and source distribution and allows a full complement of global seismicity to be utilized through its accommodation of oblique incidence. By permitting both independent and simultaneous treatment of different scattering modes (reflections, transmissions, conversions) the inversion formula facilitates a direct appraisal of individual mode contributions to the recovery of structure. In particular, it becomes evident that incorporation of backscattered modes leads to (1) a better localization of structure than possible using forward scattered energy and (2) the imposition of complementary constraints on elastic properties. 1

Mantle wedge temperatures and their potential relation to volcanic arc location

The mechanisms underpinning the formation of a focused volcanic arc above subduction zones are debated. Suggestions include controls by: (i) where the subducting plate releases water, lowering the solidus in the overlying mantle wedge; (ii) the location where the mantle wedge melts to the highest degree; and (iii) a limit on melt formation and migration imposed by the cool shallow corner of the wedge. Here, we evaluate these three proposed mechanisms using a set of kinematically-driven 2D thermo-mechanical mantle-wedge models in which subduction velocity, slab dip and age, overriding-plate thickness and the depth of decoupling between the two plates are systematically varied. All mechanisms predict, on the basis of model geometry, that the arc-trench distance, D, decreases strongly with increasing dip, consistent with the negative D-dip correlations found in global subduction data. Model trends of sub-arc slab depth, H, with dip are positive if H is wedge-temperature controlled and overriding-plate thickness does not exceed the decoupling depth by more than 50 km, and negative if H is slab-temperature controlled. Observed global H-dip trends are overall positive. With increasing overriding plate thickness, the position of maximum melting shifts to smaller H and D, while the position of the trenchward limit of the melt zone, controlled by the wedge's cold corner, shifts to larger H and D, similar to the trend in the data for oceanic subduction zones. Thus, the limit imposed by the wedge corner on melting and melt migration seems to exert the first-order control on arc position

The effects of two dosages of midazolam on short-duration anesthesia in the juvenile Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)

Copyright permission granted to include this article in the Institutional Repository November 30, 2010.Ye

From Relative to Absolute Teleseismic Travel Times: The Absolute Arrival‐Time Recovery Method (AARM)

Dense, short‐term deployments of seismograph networks are frequently used to study upper‐mantle structure. However, recordings of variably emergent teleseismic waveforms are often of lower signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) than those recorded at permanent observatory sites. Therefore, waveform coherency across a network is frequently utilized to calculate relative arrival times between recorded traces, but these measurements cannot easily be combined or reported directly to global absolute arrival‐time databases. These datasets are thus a valuable but untapped resource with which to fill spatial gaps in global absolute‐wavespeed tomographic models. We developed an absolute arrival‐time recovery method (AARM) to retrieve absolute time picks from relative‐arrival‐time datasets, working synchronously with filtered and unfiltered data. We also include a relative estimate of uncertainty for potential use in data weighting during subsequent tomographic inversion. Filtered waveforms are first aligned via multichannel cross correlation. These time shifts are applied to unfiltered waveforms to generate a phase‐weighted stack. Cross correlation with the primary stack or the SNR of each trace is used to weight a second‐higher SNR stack. The first arrival on the final stack is picked manually to recover absolute arrival times for the aligned waveforms. We test AARM on a recently published dataset from southeast Canada ( ∼10,000∼10,000 picks). When compared with the available equivalent earthquake–station pairs on the International Seismological Centre (ISC) database, ∼83%∼83% of AARM picks agree to within ±0.5  s±0.5  s . Tests using synthetic P‐wave data indicate that AARM produces absolute arrival‐time picks to accuracies of better than 0.25 s, akin to uncertainties in ISC bulletins