11 research outputs found

    Suivi de l'eau liquide dans la neige par images radar en bande C et par modélisation fine du manteau neigeux

    Get PDF
    MODIS est une mĂ©thode fiable et prĂ©cise utilisĂ©e couramment pour suivre l'Ă©volution du couvert nival au-dessus de bassins versants alpins. Toutefois, cette mĂ©thode de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection possĂšde quelques limitations importantes, tel que l'inhabilitĂ© Ă  distinguer la neige humide de la neige sĂšche, qui pourrait ĂȘtre mieux prise en compte par l'utilisation d'une mĂ©thode de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection complĂ©mentaire telle que l'imagerie par radar Ă  synthĂšse d'ouverture (RSO). Le site d'Ă©tude utilisĂ© pour le projet est le bassin versant de la riviĂšre Nechako, situĂ© dans la chaĂźne CĂŽtiĂšre de la Colombie-Britannique, qui est caractĂ©risĂ© par un manteau neigeux pouvant atteindre plusieurs mĂštres d’épaisseur en montagne. Quinze images RADARSAT-2 en mode ScanSAR Wide ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues en polarisation VV et VH entre les mois de mars et juillet 2012. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es Ă  l'aide d'un algorithme basĂ© sur la mĂ©thode de Nagler et Rott pour distinguer la neige humide de la neige sĂšche, mais qui utilise un seuil graduel plutĂŽt que le seuil de -3 dB frĂ©quemment utilisĂ©. Les cartes de neige humide qui dĂ©coulent de cette technique correspondent mieux aux incertitudes retrouvĂ©es sur le bassin en raison de la prĂ©sence importante de forĂȘts de conifĂšres et de rĂ©gions montagneuses. Les cartes ont Ă©tĂ© combinĂ©es au produit de neige de MODIS, afin d'utiliser son habiletĂ© Ă  dĂ©tecter le couvert nival avec prĂ©cision pour corriger les zones de bruit des images RSO, causĂ©es entre autres par des sols gorgĂ©s en eau. Afin d'aider l'analyse des images RSO, une modĂ©lisation fine du manteau neigeux a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e avec le logiciel Crocus afin de procĂ©der Ă  une analyse dĂ©taillĂ©e de l’évolution des caractĂ©ristiques du manteau neigeux, notamment du contenu en eau liquide de la neige, tout au long de l’hiver. La modĂ©lisation a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e Ă  l'emplacement de trois coussins Ă  neige sur le bassin versant et est rĂ©alisĂ©e grĂące Ă  l'utilisation de donnĂ©es du North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). À partir des rĂ©sultats du modĂšle Crocus et de l'Ă©quivalent en eau observĂ© aux coussins Ă  neige, une relation a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie entre la dĂ©tection de neige humide en montagne par RADARSAT-2 et le ruissellement reçu au rĂ©servoir de la riviĂšre Nechako. Avec le jeu de donnĂ©es actuel, le ruissellement maximal reçu au rĂ©servoir a Ă©tĂ© prĂ©vu avec une prĂ©cision de 10 jours. Il est prĂ©vu que davantage d'annĂ©es d’images radar pourraient permettre de confirmer et de rĂ©duire cet intervalle

    xclim: xarray-based climate data analytics

    Get PDF
    xclim is a Python library that enables computation of climate indicators over large, hetero- geneous data sets. It is built using xarray objects and operations, can seamlessly benefit from the parallelization handling provided by dask, and relies on community conventions for data formatting and metadata attributes. xclim is meant as a tool to facilitate both climate science research and the delivery of operational climate services and products. In addition to climate indicator calculations, xclim also includes utilities for bias correction and statistical adjustment, ensemble analytics, model diagnostics, data quality assurance, and metadata standards compliance

    Suivi de l'eau liquide dans la neige par images radar en bande C et par modélisation fine du manteau neigeux

    No full text
    MODIS est une mĂ©thode fiable et prĂ©cise utilisĂ©e couramment pour suivre l'Ă©volution du couvert nival au-dessus de bassins versants alpins. Toutefois, cette mĂ©thode de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection possĂšde quelques limitations importantes, tel que l'inhabilitĂ© Ă  distinguer la neige humide de la neige sĂšche, qui pourrait ĂȘtre mieux prise en compte par l'utilisation d'une mĂ©thode de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection complĂ©mentaire telle que l'imagerie par radar Ă  synthĂšse d'ouverture (RSO). Le site d'Ă©tude utilisĂ© pour le projet est le bassin versant de la riviĂšre Nechako, situĂ© dans la chaĂźne CĂŽtiĂšre de la Colombie-Britannique, qui est caractĂ©risĂ© par un manteau neigeux pouvant atteindre plusieurs mĂštres d’épaisseur en montagne. Quinze images RADARSAT-2 en mode ScanSAR Wide ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues en polarisation VV et VH entre les mois de mars et juillet 2012. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es Ă  l'aide d'un algorithme basĂ© sur la mĂ©thode de Nagler et Rott pour distinguer la neige humide de la neige sĂšche, mais qui utilise un seuil graduel plutĂŽt que le seuil de -3 dB frĂ©quemment utilisĂ©. Les cartes de neige humide qui dĂ©coulent de cette technique correspondent mieux aux incertitudes retrouvĂ©es sur le bassin en raison de la prĂ©sence importante de forĂȘts de conifĂšres et de rĂ©gions montagneuses. Les cartes ont Ă©tĂ© combinĂ©es au produit de neige de MODIS, afin d'utiliser son habiletĂ© Ă  dĂ©tecter le couvert nival avec prĂ©cision pour corriger les zones de bruit des images RSO, causĂ©es entre autres par des sols gorgĂ©s en eau. Afin d'aider l'analyse des images RSO, une modĂ©lisation fine du manteau neigeux a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e avec le logiciel Crocus afin de procĂ©der Ă  une analyse dĂ©taillĂ©e de l’évolution des caractĂ©ristiques du manteau neigeux, notamment du contenu en eau liquide de la neige, tout au long de l’hiver. La modĂ©lisation a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e Ă  l'emplacement de trois coussins Ă  neige sur le bassin versant et est rĂ©alisĂ©e grĂące Ă  l'utilisation de donnĂ©es du North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). À partir des rĂ©sultats du modĂšle Crocus et de l'Ă©quivalent en eau observĂ© aux coussins Ă  neige, une relation a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie entre la dĂ©tection de neige humide en montagne par RADARSAT-2 et le ruissellement reçu au rĂ©servoir de la riviĂšre Nechako. Avec le jeu de donnĂ©es actuel, le ruissellement maximal reçu au rĂ©servoir a Ă©tĂ© prĂ©vu avec une prĂ©cision de 10 jours. Il est prĂ©vu que davantage d'annĂ©es d’images radar pourraient permettre de confirmer et de rĂ©duire cet intervalle

    Ouranosinc/xclim: v0.41.0

    No full text
    Contributors to this version: Trevor James Smith (@Zeitsperre), Pascal Bourgault (@aulemahal), Ludwig Lierhammer (@ludwiglierhammer), Éric Dupuis (@coxipi). New features and enhancements New properties xclim.sdba.properties.decorrelation_length and xclim.sdba.properties.transition_probability. (PR/1252) New indicators ensembles.change_significance now supports Mann-whitney U-test and flexible realization. (PR/1285). New indices and indicators for converting from snow water equivalent to snow depth (snw_to_snd) and snow depth to snow water equivalent (snd_to_snw) using snow density [kg / m^3]. (PR/1271). New indices and indicators for determining upwelling radiation (shortwave_upwelling_radiation_from_net_downwelling and longwave_upwelling_radiation_from_net_downwelling; CF variables rsus and rlus) from net and downwelling radiation (shortwave: rss and rsds; longwave: rls and rlds). (PR/1271). New indice and indicator {snd | snw}_season_{length | start | end} which generalize snow_cover_duration and continuous_snow_cover_{start | end} to allow using these functions with variable snw (PR/1275). New indice and indicator (dryness_index) for estimating soil humidity classifications for winegrowing regions (based on Riou et al. (1994)). (GH/355, PR/1235). Breaking changes xclim testing default behaviours have been changed (GH/1295, PR/1297): Running pytest will no longer use pytest-xdist distributed testing be default (can be set with -n auto|logical|#. Coverage is also no longer gathered/reported by default. Running tox will now set pytest-xdist to use -n logical processes (with a max of 10). Default behaviour for testing is to no longer always fetch xclim-testdata. If testdata is found in $HOME/.xclim_testing_data, files will be copied to individual processes, otherwise, will be fetched as needed. Environment variables evaluated when running pytest have been changed (GH/1295, PR/1297): For testing against specific branches of xclim-testdata: MAIN_TESTDATA_BRANCH -&gt; XCLIM_TESTDATA_BRANCH The option to skip fetching of testdata (SKIP_TEST_DATA) has been removed A new environment variable (XCLIM_PREFETCH_TESTING_DATA) is now available to gather xclim-testdata before running test ensemble (default: False). Environment variables are now passed to tox on execution. Bug fixes build_indicator_module_from_yaml now accepts a reload argument. When re-building a module that already exists, reload=True removes all previous indicator before creating the new ones. (GH/1192, PR/1284). The test for French translations of official indicators was fixed and translations for CFFWIS indices, FFDI, KDBI, DF and Jetstream metric woollings have been added or fixed. (PR/1271). use_ufunc in windowed_run_count is now supplied with argument freq to warn users that the 1d method does not support resampling after run length operations (GH/1279, PR/1291). {snd | snw}_max_doy now avoids an error due to xr.argmax when there are all-NaN slices. (PR/1277). Internal changes xclim has adopted PEP 517 and PEP 621 (pyproject.toml using the flit backend) to replace the legacy setup.py used to manage package organisation and building. Many tooling configurations that already supported the pyproject.toml standard have been migrated to this file. CI and development tooling documentation has been updated to reflect these changes. (PR/1278, suggested from PyOpenSci Software Review). Documentation source files have been moved around to remove some duplicated image files. (PR/1278). Coveralls GitHub Action removed as it did not support pyproject.toml-based configurations. (PR/1278). Add a remark about how xclim's CFFWIS is different from the original 1982 implementation. (GH/1104, PR/1284). Update CI runs to use Python3.9 when examining upstream dependencies. Replace setup-conda action with provision-with-micromamba action. (PR/1286). Update CI runs to always use tox~=4.0 and the latest virtual machine images (now ubuntu-22.04). (PR/1288, PR/1297). SBCK installation command now points to the official development repository. (PR/1288). Some references in the BibTeX were updated to point to better resources. (PR/1288). Add a GitHub CI workflow for performing dependency security review scanning. (PR/1287). Grammar and spelling corrections were applied to some docstrings. (PR/1271). Added [radiation] ([power] / [area]) to list of defined acceptable units. (PR/1271). Updated testing data used to generate the atmosds dataset to use more reproducibly-converted ERA5 data, generated with the miranda Python package. (PR/1269). Updated testing dependencies to use pytest-xdist&gt;=3.2, allowing for the new --dist=worksteal scheduler for distributing the pool of remaining tests across workers after individual workers have exhausted their own queues. (PR/1235). Adding infer context to the unit conversion in of the training of ExtremeValues. (PR/1299). Added sphinxcontrib-svg2pdfconverter for converting SVG graphics within documentation to PDF-compatible images. (PR/1296). README badges for supported Python versions and repository health have been added. (GH/1304, PR/1307). </ul

    Ouranosinc/xclim: v0.42.0

    No full text
    Contributors to this version: Trevor James Smith (@Zeitsperre), Juliette Lavoie (@juliettelavoie), Éric Dupuis (@coxipi), Pascal Bourgault (@aulemahal). Announcements xclim now supports testing against tagged versions of Ouranosinc/xclim-testdata &lt;https://github.com/Ouranosinc/xclim-testdata&gt;_ in order to support older versions of xclim. For more information, see the Contributing Guide for more details. (PR/1339). xclim v0.42.0 will be the last version to explicitly support Python3.8. (GH/1268, PR/1344). New features and enhancements Two previously private functions for selecting a day of year in a time series when performing calendar conversions are now exposed. (GH/1305, PR/1317). New functions are: xclim.core.calendar.yearly_interpolated_doy xclim.core.calendar.yearly_random_doy scipy is no longer pinned below v1.9 and lmoments3&gt;=1.0.5 is now a core dependency and installed by default with pip. (GH/1142, PR/1171). Fix bug on number of bins in xclim.sdba.propeties.spatial_correlogram. (PR/1336) Add resample_before_rl argument to control when resampling happens in maximum_consecutive_{frost|frost_free|dry|tx}_days and in heat indices (in _threshold) (GH/1329, PR/1331) Add xclim.ensembles.make_criteria to help create inputs for the ensemble-reduction methods. (GH/1338, PR/1341). Bug fixes Warnings emitted from regular usage of some indices (snowfall_approximation with method="brown", effective_growing_degree_days) due to successive convert_units_to calls within their logic have been silenced. (PR/1319). Fixed a bug that prevented the use of the sdba_encode_cf option with xarray 2023.3.0 (PR/1333). Fixed bugs in xclim.core.missing and xclim.sdba.base.Grouper when using pandas 2.0. (PR/1344). Breaking changes The call signatures for xclim.ensembles.create_ensemble and xclim.ensembles._base._ens_align_dataset have been deprecated. Calls to these functions made with the original signature will emit warnings. Changes will become breaking in xclim&gt;=0.43.0.(GH/1305, PR/1317). Affected variable: mf_flag (bool) -&gt; multifile (bool) The indice and indicator for last_spring_frost has been modified to use tasmin by default, reflecting its docstring and literature definition (GH/1324, PR/1325). following indices now accept the op argument for modifying the threshold comparison operator (PR/1325): snw_season_length, snd_season_length, growing_season_length, frost_season_length, frost_free_season_length, rprcptot, daily_pr_intensity In order to support older environments, pandas is now conditionally pinned below v2.0 when installing xclim on systems running Python3.8. (PR/1344). Bug fixes xclim.indices.run_length.last_run nows works when freq is not None. (GH/1321, PR/1323). Internal changes Added xclim to the ouranos Zenodo community . (PR/1313). Significant documentation adjustments. (GH/1305, PR/1308): The CONTRIBUTING page has been moved to the top level of the repository. Information concerning the licensing of xclim is clearly indicated in README. sphinx-autodoc-typehints is now used to simplify call signatures generated in documentation. The SDBA module API is now found with the rest of the User API documentation. HISTORY.rst has been renamed CHANGES.rst, to follow dask-like conventions. Hyperlink targets for individual indices and indicators now point to their entries under API or Indices. Module-level docstrings have migrated from the library scripts directly into the documentation RestructuredText files. The documentation now includes a page explaining the reasons for developing xclim and a section briefly detailing similar and related projects. Markdown explanations in some Jupyter Notebooks have been edited for clarity Removed Mapping abstract base class types in call signatures (dict variables were always expected). (PR/1308). Changes in testing setup now prevent test_mean_radiant_temperature from sometimes causing a segmentation fault. (GH/1303, PR/1315). Addressed a formatting bug that caused Indicators with multiple variables returned to not be properly formatted in the documentation. (GH/1305, PR/1317). tox now include sbck and eofs flags for easier testing of dependencies. CI builds now test against sbck-python @ master. (PR/1328). upstream CI tests are now run on push to master, at midnight, and can also be triggered via workflow_dispatch. Failures from upstream build will open issues using xarray-contrib/issue-from-pytest-log. (PR/1327). Warnings from set _version_deprecated within Indicators now emit FutureWarning instead of DeprecationWarning for greater visibility. (PR/1319). The Graphics section of the Usage notebook has been expanded upon while grammar and spelling mistakes within the notebook-generated documentation have been reduced. (GH/1335, PR/1338, suggested from PyOpenSci Software Review). The Contributing guide now lists three separate subsections to help users understand the gains from optional dependencies. (GH/1335, PR/1338, suggested from PyOpenSci Software Review). </ul

    Continuous monitoring of snowpack dynamics in alpine terrain by aboveground neutron sensing

    No full text
    The characteristics of an aboveground cosmic‐ray neutron sensor (CRNS) are evaluated for monitoring a mountain snowpack in the Austrian Alps from March 2014 to June 2016. Neutron counts were compared to continuous point‐scale snow depth (SD) and snow‐water‐equivalent (SWE) measurements from an automatic weather station with a maximum SWE of 600 mm (April 2014). Several spatially distributed Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS)‐based SD and SWE maps were additionally used. A strong nonlinear correlation is found for both SD and SWE. The representative footprint of the CRNS is in the range of 230–270 m. In contrast to previous studies suggesting signal saturation at around 100 mm of SWE, no complete signal saturation was observed. These results imply that CRNS could be transferred into an unprecedented method for continuous detection of spatially averaged SD and SWE for alpine snowpacks, though with sensitivity decreasing with increasing SWE. While initially different functions were found for accumulation and melting season conditions, this could be resolved by accounting for a limited measurement depth. This depth limit is in the range of 200 mm of SWE for dense snowpacks with high liquid water contents and associated snow density values around 450 kg m−3 and above. In contrast to prior studies with shallow snowpacks, interannual transferability of the results is very high regardless of presnowfall soil moisture conditions. This underlines the unexpectedly high potential of CRNS to close the gap between point‐scale measurements, hydrological models, and remote sensing of the cryosphere in alpine terrain
    corecore