Regeneracion de plantas en tomate de árbol (Cyphomandra Betacea Cav. Sendt.) Mediante organogénesis inducida a partir de callos

El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener plantas de tomate de árbol (C. betacea) bajo condiciones in-vitro, mediante la organogénesis inducida en callos. Se Evaluaron los medios MS (testigo), MS+2,4-D5μM, MS+2,4-D10μM y MS+2,4-D15μM, para los tratamientos dos tres y cuatro se agrego 13 μM de cinetina. Se utilizo un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar con cuatro repeticiones, para un total de 16 unidades experimentales. Cada unidad experimental está compuesta por diez frascos con capacidad de 120 ml cada uno. En cada frasco se agregaron 20 ml de medio de cultivo, sembrándose tres callos de aproximadamente 5 mm de diámetro, teniendo 120 callos por unidad experimental. El mayor porcentaje de plantas regeneradas (14,66 %) se obtuvo con MS+2,4-D5μM y el menor porcentaje de plantas regeneradas (2,91%) se obtuvo con MS+2,4-D15μM. La mayor cantidad de raíces, tallos, hojas y plantas formadas fue con MS+2,4- D5μM, con valores 0,52, 0,14, 0,15 y 0,05 respectivamente y el menor valor se obtuvo con MS+2,4-D15μM con valores 0,09, 0,04, 0,008 y 0 respetivamente

A systematic review of interventions for family caregivers who care for patients with advanced cancer at home.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of interventions to support family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: Five databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) were searched for English language articles of intervention studies utilizing randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs, reporting caregiver-related outcomes of interventions for family caregivers caring for patients with advanced cancer at home. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Based on these studies, the types of interventions were categorized into psychosocial, educational, or both. The characteristics of interventions varied. Most interventions demonstrated statistically significant results of reducing psychological distress and caregiving burden and improving quality of life, self-efficacy, and competence for caregiving. However, there was inconsistency in the use of measures. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies showed positive effects of the interventions on caregiver-specific outcomes, yet direct comparisons of the effectiveness were limited. There is a lack of research aimed to support family caregivers\u27 physical health. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Given caregivers\u27 needs to maintain their wellbeing and the positive effects of support for them, research examining long-term efficacy of interventions and measuring objective health outcomes with rigorous quality of studies is still needed for better outcomes for family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer

Timing and neural encoding of somatosensory parametric working memory in macaque prefrontal cortex

We trained monkeys to compare the frequencies of two mechanical vibrations applied sequentially to the tip of a finger and to report which of the two stimuli had the higher frequency. This task requires remembering the first frequency during the delay period between the two stimuli. Recordings were made from neurons in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) while the monkeys performed the task. We report neurons that fire persistently during the delay period, with a firing rate that is a monotonic function of the frequency of the first stimulus. Separately from, and in addition to, their correlation with the first stimulus, the delay period firing rates of these neurons were correlated with the behavior of the monkey, in a manner consistent with their interpretation as the neural substrate of working memory during the task. Most neurons had firing rates that varied systematically with time during the delay period. We suggest that this time-dependent activity may encode time itself and may be an intrinsic part of active memory maintenance mechanisms

The double-gap life expectancy forecasting model

Life expectancy is highly correlated over time among countries and between males and females. These associations can be used to improve forecasts. Here we propose a method for forecasting female life expectancy based on analysis of the gap between female life expectancy in a country compared with the record level of female life expectancy in the world. Second, to forecast male life expectancy, the gap between male life expectancy and female life expectancy in a country is analysed. We present these results for various developed countries. We compare our results with forecasts based on the Lee–Carter approach and the Cairns–Blake–Dowd strategy. We focus on forecasting life expectancy at age 0 and remaining life expectancy at age 65

Effects of Pre- Exercise Massage on Muscle Soreness

Muscle soreness is common after intense exercise and alternative therapies are always being investigated. Some have indicated possible benefits of massage therapy but this needs to be explored further. Purpose: To determine if a pre-workout massage will help reduce muscle soreness. Methods: Twenty participants (age=30.3±6.3 yrs, ht.=167.6±11.4 cm, wt.=82.5±15.5 kg) were provided five minutes of massage on the right anterior leg and five minutes of massage on the right posterior leg. After completion of the massage, participants performed two sets of squats to a chair, first with an 8lb weight (males) or a 5 lb weight (females) to a metronome that was set to 60 beats per minute. All participants were then instructed to fill out a pain scale over a 24-hour and 48-hour period. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine differences in soreness with alpha set at .05. Results: There was no interaction between legs among time points, F(3, 17) = 2.52, p = .092. There was however, a main effect the massaged leg when time was combined, with a lower soreness rating in the massaged leg (5.0±2.4 units) compared to the non-massaged leg (5.8±2.1 units), p = .024. Conclusion: There is potential of reduced soreness after strenuous exercise if massage is obtained prior to activity. Future research should also look at the interactive effect of performance when receiving massage before exercise with intent on reducing soreness

A recurrent network model of somatosensory parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex

A parametric working memory network stores the information of an analog stimulus in the form of persistent neural activity that is monotonically tuned to the stimulus. The family of persistent firing patterns with a continuous range of firing rates must all be realizable under exactly the same external conditions (during the delay when the transient stimulus is withdrawn). How this can be accomplished by neural mechanisms remains an unresolved question. Here we present a recurrent cortical network model of irregularly spiking neurons that was designed to simulate a somatosensory working memory experiment with behaving monkeys. Our model reproduces the observed positively and negatively monotonic persistent activity, and heterogeneous tuning curves of memory activity. We show that fine-tuning mathematically corresponds to a precise alignment of cusps in the bifurcation diagram of the network. Moreover, we show that the fine-tuned network can integrate stimulus inputs over several seconds. Assuming that such time integration occurs in neural populations downstream from a tonically persistent neural population, our model is able to account for the slow ramping-up and ramping-down behaviors of neurons observed in prefrontal cortex