Etude des mécanismes physiologiques et moléculaires permettant la prise en charge des substrats hydrophobes par la levure Yarrowia lipolytica au niveau pariétal

Yarrowia lipolytica a la particularité de pousser sur de nombreux substrats hydrophobes et de les métaboliser via la b-oxydation ou de les stocker dans des corps lipidiques. Le premier contact entre la cellule et les substrats hydrophobes se déroule sur la surface cellulaire. A cette étape, la composition de la paroi cellulaire en protéines, en b-glucane et en chitine pourrait jouer un rôle important sur l adhésion et la prise en charge des substrats hydrophobes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié l effet d une source de carbone hydrophobe (par rapport au glucose) et de la composition du milieu de culture sur la structure pariétale et la production de mélanine chez Y. lipolytica. Les résultats de nos analyses biochimiques et moléculaires ont montré que l oléate de méthyle (un composé utilisé comme modèle de source de carbone hydrophobe) a induit des modifications au niveau de la paroi cellulaire et que ces modifications ont conduit ou non à l adhésion de gouttelettes lipidiques à la surface cellulaire ; à une modification du contenu des composés pariétaux ; à la résistance des cellules à des composés toxiques ayant pour cible la paroi cellulaire ; et à la modification des profils d expression de 27 gènes analysés codant des protéines de paroi cellulaire. L identité des gènes surexprimés suggère la participation de leurs protéines dans l intégrité de la paroi cellulaire, dans l adhésion des gouttelettes lipidiques et dans la réponse au stress par l oléate de méthyle et/ou le manque d azote. Nos résultats ont aussi montré que la présence d oléate de méthyle, huile de ricin et ricinoléate de méthyle a induit la production de DHN-mélanine chez une souche génétiquement modifiée de Y. lipolytica (MTLY40-2p) dont la b-oxydation est affectéeYarrowia lipolytica can grow on many hydrophobic substrates and metabolize them via the b-oxidation pathway or store them into lipid bodies. The first contact between the cell and the hydrophobic substrates is by the cell wall. In this step, cell-wall proteins (CWP), b-glucane and chitin of the cell wall could play an important role for the adhesion and uptake of hydrophobic substrates. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a hydrophobic carbon source (compared with glucose) and the culture medium composition on the cell wall composition and the melanin production by Y. lipolytica. The results of our biochemical and molecular analysis showed that the presence of methyl oleate and the nutrients composition of the culture media have induced some modifications at the cell wall level. These modifications were linked with the adhesion or not of the lipid droplets to the cell surface; with a modified content of the cell wall components; with a resistance to compounds that are toxic for the cell wall, and with the modification of the expression patterns of 27 CWP genes analyzed in this work. The identity of the over-expressed CWP genes suggests the participation of their proteins in the cell wall integrity, in the adhesion of lipid droplets and in the stress response to methyl oleate and/or the nitrogen starvation. Our results have also shown that the presence of the lipids methyl oleate, castor oil and methyl ricinoleate induced the production of DHN-melanin by a mutant strain in which the b-oxidation is affectedDIJON-BU Doc.électronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

OXIDACIÓN BIOCATALÍTICA DE CONTAMINANTES AROMÁTICOS POR LA PEROXIDASA PROVENIENTE DE LA SOYA

This paper describes the biocatalytic performance of soybean peroxidase enzyme to oxidize aqueous aromatic pollutants such as organophosphorus pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and flavonoids from agro-industrial wastes. The conversions achieved were for the pesticides terbufos (14%) and dimethoate (30% conversion); for HPAs such as azulene (32%), 9-methyl anthracene (22%); anthracene, pyrene (29% each), and carbazole (18%); and for flavonoids such as ferulic acid (99%), quercetin (98%), rutin (50%) and naringin (10%). The tests were carried out on model samples and on simulated samples of contaminated effluents. In addition, the effect of pH and temperature on the enzyme activity was studied, being active from pH 3 to 6, and from 25 ˚C to 80 ˚C. The above concludes that soybean peroxidase is a good candidate for more comprehensive studies for possible application in effluents treatment containing aromatic pollutantsEl presente artículo describe el desempeño biocatalítico de la enzima peroxidasa de la soya para oxidar contaminantes acuosos del tipo aromáticos como plaguicidas organofosforados, hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), y flavonoides provenientes de residuos agroindustriales. Los ensayos se realizaron en muestras modelo y también en muestras simuladas de efluentes contaminados. El análisis se realizó por cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC) y por espectrofotometría UV-vis. Las conversiones alcanzadas fueron para los plaguicidas terbufos (14%) y dimetoato (30% de conversión); para los HPAs como azuleno (32%), 9-metil antraceno (22%); antraceno y pireno (29% cada uno), y carbazol (18%); y los flavonoides como ácido ferúlico (99%), quercetina (98%), rutina (50%) y naringina (10%).  Se estudió el efecto del cambio de pH y de temperatura en la actividad de la enzima, siendo activa desde un pH de 3 hasta 6, y desde los 25 ˚C hasta los 80 ˚C. Lo anterior permite concluir que la peroxidasa de soya es un buen candidato para estudios más completos para su posible aplicación en la descontaminación de efluentes que contienen contaminantes aromáticos.&nbsp

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

Etude des mécanismes physiologiques et moléculaires permettant la prise en charge des substrats hydrophobes par la levure Yarrowia lipolytica au niveau pariétal

Yarrowia lipolytica can grow on many hydrophobic substrates and metabolize them via the β-oxidation pathway or store them into lipid bodies. The first contact between the cell and the hydrophobic substrates is by the cell wall. In this step, cell-wall proteins (CWP), β-glucane and chitin of the cell wall could play an important role for the adhesion and uptake of hydrophobic substrates. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a hydrophobic carbon source (compared with glucose) and the culture medium composition on the cell wall composition and the melanin production by Y. lipolytica. The results of our biochemical and molecular analysis showed that the presence of methyl oleate and the nutrients composition of the culture media have induced some modifications at the cell wall level. These modifications were linked with the adhesion or not of the lipid droplets to the cell surface; with a modified content of the cell wall components; with a resistance to compounds that are toxic for the cell wall, and with the modification of the expression patterns of 27 CWP genes analyzed in this work. The identity of the over-expressed CWP genes suggests the participation of their proteins in the cell wall integrity, in the adhesion of lipid droplets and in the stress response to methyl oleate and/or the nitrogen starvation. Our results have also shown that the presence of the lipids methyl oleate, castor oil and methyl ricinoleate induced the production of DHN-melanin by a mutant strain in which the β-oxidation is affectedYarrowia lipolytica tiene la capacidad de crecer sobre numerosos substratos hidrofóbicos y demetabolizarlos a través de la β-oxidación o de almacenarlos en cuerpos lipídicos. El primercontacto entre la célula y los substratos hidrofóbicos se lleva a cabo mediante la pared celular.En esta etapa, la composición en proteínas, β-glucano y quitina de la pared celular podríajugar un papel importante en la adhesión y la toma de substratos hidrofóbicos. En el presentetrabajo se estudió el efecto de una fuente de carbono hidrofóbica (en comparación conglucosa) y la composición del medio de cultivo sobre la composición de la pared celular y laproducción de melanina en Y. lipolytica.Los resultados de nuestros análisis bioquímicos y moleculares mostraron que el oleato demetilo (un compuesto utilizado como fuente de carbono hidrofóbica) indujo modificacionesen la pared celular y estas modificaciones condujeron al aumento o la disminución de laadhesión de gotas lipídicas a la superficie celular; a la modificación del contenido de loscompuestos de la pared celular; a la resistencia de las células a compuestos tóxicos que tienencomo blanco la pared celular; y a la modificación del perfil de expresión de 27 genes quecodifican para proteínas putativas de la pared celular. La expresión de algunos de estos genesse indujo desde las primeras horas de cultivo en presencia de oleato de metilo. La identidad delos genes sobre-expresados sugiere la participación de sus proteínas en mecanismos como laintegridad de la pared celular, la adhesión de las gotas lipídicas a la superficie celular y larespuesta a estrés inducido por oleato de metilo y/o por la falta de nitrógeno en el medio.Nuestros resultados también mostraron que la presencia de oleato de metilo, de aceite dericino y de ricinoleato de metilo en el medio de cultivo, indujo la producción de un pigmentocafé en una cepa mutante de Y. lipolytica (MTLY40-2p) afectada en la β-oxidación. Ademásobservamos que el perfil espectroscópico la pared celular de la mutante MTYL40-2p, semodifica en función del substrato hidrofóbico presente en el medio de cultivo. Nuestrosresultados sugieren que el pigmento café es DHN-melanina y que la ausencia de peptona en elmedio de cultivo afecta la biosíntesis de esta melanina. A partir de un análisis in silicoproponemos los genes putativos para la biosíntesis de DHN-melanina en Y. lipolyticaYarrowia lipolytica a la particularité de pousser sur de nombreux substrats hydrophobes et de les métaboliser via la β-oxydation ou de les stocker dans des corps lipidiques. Le premier contact entre la cellule et les substrats hydrophobes se déroule sur la surface cellulaire. A cette étape, la composition de la paroi cellulaire en protéines, en β-glucane et en chitine pourrait jouer un rôle important sur l’adhésion et la prise en charge des substrats hydrophobes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié l’effet d’une source de carbone hydrophobe (par rapport au glucose) et de la composition du milieu de culture sur la structure pariétale et la production de mélanine chez Y. lipolytica. Les résultats de nos analyses biochimiques et moléculaires ont montré que l’oléate de méthyle (un composé utilisé comme modèle de source de carbone hydrophobe) a induit des modifications au niveau de la paroi cellulaire et que ces modifications ont conduit ou non à l’adhésion de gouttelettes lipidiques à la surface cellulaire ; à une modification du contenu des composés pariétaux ; à la résistance des cellules à des composés toxiques ayant pour cible la paroi cellulaire ; et à la modification des profils d’expression de 27 gènes analysés codant des protéines de paroi cellulaire. L’identité des gènes surexprimés suggère la participation de leurs protéines dans l’intégrité de la paroi cellulaire, dans l’adhésion des gouttelettes lipidiques et dans la réponse au stress par l’oléate de méthyle et/ou le manque d’azote. Nos résultats ont aussi montré que la présence d’oléate de méthyle, huile de ricin et ricinoléate de méthyle a induit la production de DHN-mélanine chez une souche génétiquement modifiée de Y. lipolytica (MTLY40-2p) dont la β-oxydation est affecté

Physiological study and molecular mechanisms for the uptake of hydrophobic substrates by the yeast yarrowia lipolytica at the cell wall level

Yarrowia lipolytica a la particularité de pousser sur de nombreux substrats hydrophobes et de les métaboliser via la β-oxydation ou de les stocker dans des corps lipidiques. Le premier contact entre la cellule et les substrats hydrophobes se déroule sur la surface cellulaire. A cette étape, la composition de la paroi cellulaire en protéines, en β-glucane et en chitine pourrait jouer un rôle important sur l’adhésion et la prise en charge des substrats hydrophobes. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié l’effet d’une source de carbone hydrophobe (par rapport au glucose) et de la composition du milieu de culture sur la structure pariétale et la production de mélanine chez Y. lipolytica. Les résultats de nos analyses biochimiques et moléculaires ont montré que l’oléate de méthyle (un composé utilisé comme modèle de source de carbone hydrophobe) a induit des modifications au niveau de la paroi cellulaire et que ces modifications ont conduit ou non à l’adhésion de gouttelettes lipidiques à la surface cellulaire ; à une modification du contenu des composés pariétaux ; à la résistance des cellules à des composés toxiques ayant pour cible la paroi cellulaire ; et à la modification des profils d’expression de 27 gènes analysés codant des protéines de paroi cellulaire. L’identité des gènes surexprimés suggère la participation de leurs protéines dans l’intégrité de la paroi cellulaire, dans l’adhésion des gouttelettes lipidiques et dans la réponse au stress par l’oléate de méthyle et/ou le manque d’azote. Nos résultats ont aussi montré que la présence d’oléate de méthyle, huile de ricin et ricinoléate de méthyle a induit la production de DHN-mélanine chez une souche génétiquement modifiée de Y. lipolytica (MTLY40-2p) dont la β-oxydation est affectéeYarrowia lipolytica can grow on many hydrophobic substrates and metabolize them via the β-oxidation pathway or store them into lipid bodies. The first contact between the cell and the hydrophobic substrates is by the cell wall. In this step, cell-wall proteins (CWP), β-glucane and chitin of the cell wall could play an important role for the adhesion and uptake of hydrophobic substrates. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a hydrophobic carbon source (compared with glucose) and the culture medium composition on the cell wall composition and the melanin production by Y. lipolytica. The results of our biochemical and molecular analysis showed that the presence of methyl oleate and the nutrients composition of the culture media have induced some modifications at the cell wall level. These modifications were linked with the adhesion or not of the lipid droplets to the cell surface; with a modified content of the cell wall components; with a resistance to compounds that are toxic for the cell wall, and with the modification of the expression patterns of 27 CWP genes analyzed in this work. The identity of the over-expressed CWP genes suggests the participation of their proteins in the cell wall integrity, in the adhesion of lipid droplets and in the stress response to methyl oleate and/or the nitrogen starvation. Our results have also shown that the presence of the lipids methyl oleate, castor oil and methyl ricinoleate induced the production of DHN-melanin by a mutant strain in which the β-oxidation is affectedYarrowia lipolytica tiene la capacidad de crecer sobre numerosos substratos hidrofóbicos y demetabolizarlos a través de la β-oxidación o de almacenarlos en cuerpos lipídicos. El primercontacto entre la célula y los substratos hidrofóbicos se lleva a cabo mediante la pared celular.En esta etapa, la composición en proteínas, β-glucano y quitina de la pared celular podríajugar un papel importante en la adhesión y la toma de substratos hidrofóbicos. En el presentetrabajo se estudió el efecto de una fuente de carbono hidrofóbica (en comparación conglucosa) y la composición del medio de cultivo sobre la composición de la pared celular y laproducción de melanina en Y. lipolytica.Los resultados de nuestros análisis bioquímicos y moleculares mostraron que el oleato demetilo (un compuesto utilizado como fuente de carbono hidrofóbica) indujo modificacionesen la pared celular y estas modificaciones condujeron al aumento o la disminución de laadhesión de gotas lipídicas a la superficie celular; a la modificación del contenido de loscompuestos de la pared celular; a la resistencia de las células a compuestos tóxicos que tienencomo blanco la pared celular; y a la modificación del perfil de expresión de 27 genes quecodifican para proteínas putativas de la pared celular. La expresión de algunos de estos genesse indujo desde las primeras horas de cultivo en presencia de oleato de metilo. La identidad delos genes sobre-expresados sugiere la participación de sus proteínas en mecanismos como laintegridad de la pared celular, la adhesión de las gotas lipídicas a la superficie celular y larespuesta a estrés inducido por oleato de metilo y/o por la falta de nitrógeno en el medio.Nuestros resultados también mostraron que la presencia de oleato de metilo, de aceite dericino y de ricinoleato de metilo en el medio de cultivo, indujo la producción de un pigmentocafé en una cepa mutante de Y. lipolytica (MTLY40-2p) afectada en la β-oxidación. Ademásobservamos que el perfil espectroscópico la pared celular de la mutante MTYL40-2p, semodifica en función del substrato hidrofóbico presente en el medio de cultivo. Nuestrosresultados sugieren que el pigmento café es DHN-melanina y que la ausencia de peptona en elmedio de cultivo afecta la biosíntesis de esta melanina. A partir de un análisis in silicoproponemos los genes putativos para la biosíntesis de DHN-melanina en Y. lipolytic

Dioxygen Activation by Laccases: Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Synthesis

Laccases are enzymes with attractive features for the synthesis of fine chemicals. The friendly reaction conditions of laccases and their high conversion and selectivity make them particularly suitable for green methods of synthesis. In addition, laccases are enzymes with broad substrate variability, ease of production, and no need of cofactors or aggressive oxidizing agents. Among molecules oxidized by laccases are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes, pesticides, phenols, and pharmaceuticals. This article reviews the laccase-mediated oxidation of fine chemicals for the production of biologically active compounds. The main aspects of the enzymatic oxidation are summarized; potentials and limitations are identified and proposals to develop more robust catalysts are analyzed

Strategies to improve carotene entry into cells of Yarrowia lipolytica in a goal of encapsulation

International audienceYeasts are good materials for encapsulation of actives, but, as they are preformed capsules, they have to be loaded. Our goal was to load cells with a big and very hydrophobic molecule, beta-carotene (LogP approximate to 15). In classical conditions, the entry of this compound into cells is negligible and we have worked on ways to favor the entry through the cell wall. Carotene was prepared at 0.3-3 g L-1 in solvents to improve solubility and alter the cell wall structure. After a 3 h-incubation of cells with this solution, with the apolar hexane, the entry was increased to 95 mu g g(-1) cell wet weight but the monopolar chloroform was much more efficient (220 mu g g(-1) cell wet weight). However, increasing the carotene concentration in chloroform increased the adhesion of carotene on the cell wall (over 900 mu g g(-1) cell wet weight) but did not increase the amount into the cell. The use of ultrasound (6-min-treatment at 50% and an output control of 4) as a green physical treatment increased significantly the result for beta-carotene encapsulation (852 mu g g(-1) cell wet weight)

Fluorescence study of the lipid droplets morphology and steryl/sterol balance during the shock br

International audienceYeast are a powerful material for the encapsulation of compounds. Usually, yeast used as capsules are inactivated by the encapsulation treatment, which is stressful to cells. However, if kept active, cells can bring their own activity in addition to the encapsulated compound. We have observed previously that lipid-grown Yarrowia lipolytica were more resistant to encapsulation. The objective of the present study was to identify physiological markers involved in this resistance. Cells were cultured in the presence of glucose or methyl-oleate as the sole carbon source and submitted to a - dodecalactone stress. This paper focuses on the role of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) and of the ergosteryl content to protect cells during the lactone treatment. Lipid-grown cells were more resistant to lactone and the presence of LDs before the shock increased significantly the resistance. The ergosteryl esters from the LD pool were hydrolysed to release ergosterol able to strenghten the plasma membrane during the shock. For cells devoid of LDs, membrane ergosterols were esterified concomitantly with LDs growth, resulting in a membrane weakening. By using pox3-mutant strains, which possesse numerous and small-sized LDs, we observed the original behaviour: these mutants showed no increased resistance and their LDs exploded in the cytoplasma during the shock. These results point out the role of LDs in cell resistance to amphiphilic stresses as a storage compartment as well as in ergosterol homeostasis