HumanOS: un software nómada de base de datos de código abierto para la antropología física y arqueología

[ES] La adquisición y exploración de los datos en los yacimientos arqueológicos están cambiando significativamente con la democratización de las computadoras, tabletas y teléfonos inteligentes. La digitalización de la información permite un registro más rápido, más eficiente y más estandarizado de los datos, que facilita el trabajo de síntesis que requiere la disciplina. Se están elaborando numerosos programas de bases de datos en arqueología y antropología física, en particular con instrumentos específicos desarrollados para satisfacer las necesidades concretas. Sin embargo, hasta donde sabemos los autores, no existe todavía ningún programa eficiente, gratuito y de código abierto que registre los huesos humanos en un contexto arqueológico. Aquí se describe una aplicación móvil dirigida a antropólogos de campo y biológicos, que permita el registro intuitivo de los huesos humanos en sitios arqueológicos. En un estilo intuitivo, esta aplicación permite hacer un inventario de los entierros desde el sitio hasta el laboratorio a partir de las excavaciones arqueológicas. Además del registro del esqueleto, la aplicación permite registrar el contexto del descubrimiento. La aplicación también da gran libertad al usuario, permitiéndole crear fácilmente campos de investigación de acuerdo con sus propios objetivos de investigación. Por último, realiza la exportación de la información como texto (informe automático) y/o tablas para uso estadístico. Es una herramienta modular, ergonómica y portátil, que se adapta a las exigencias de los investigadores, sin requerir conexión a Internet; almacena la información registrada en varios formatos (CSV, SVG, HTML y/o JSON), en un lenguaje informático sostenible para el desarrollo de módulos complementarios. El sistema se implementa en forma de una aplicación web libre y de código abierto, programada en JavaScript (disponible en http://www.humanos.cnrs.fr/), suministrada en forma de un simple archivo ZIP para descomprimir. La aplicación no exige ninguna instalación especial; se abre haciendo clic en el ejecutable "HumanOS.html" con cualquier navegador web, incluso sin conexión a Internet.[EN] With the democratization of computers, tablets and smartphones, the data acquisition and exploration on archaeological sites are changing significantly. The digitization of information allows a faster, more efficient and more standardized data recording that facilitates the synthesis work required by the discipline. Numerous database programmes are being developed in archaeology and physical anthropology, notably with targeted tools developed to meet specific needs. However, to the authors’ knowledge, no efficient, free and open-source program for the recording of human bones in an archaeological context exists yet. In this paper, a mobile application for the intuitive recording of human bones from archaeological sites is described; this app, defined for the field and biological anthropologists, allows making an inventory of the burials from site to the laboratory from archaeological digs in an intuitive style. In addition to the recording of the skeleton, the application permits the recording of the discovery context. The application also gives significant freedom to the user, who can easily create research fields to their own research objectives. Finally, it permits exporting the information, either as text (automatic report) and/or as tables for statistical use. It is a modular, ergonomic and portable tool which meets researchers' requirements without needing an internet connection; it stores the recorded information in several formats (CSV, SVG, HTML and/or JSON), in a sustainable computer language, permitting complementary modules development. The system is implemented in the form of a free and open-source web application, programmed in JavaScript (available from http://www.humanos.cnrs.fr/) and supplied in the form of a simple ZIP file to decompress. The application does not require any special installation, as it opens by clicking on the executable "HumanOS.html" with any web browser, even without an Internet connection.Highlights:We have developed a mobile application which allows "field anthropologists" to record burials inventories from archaeological excavations on site and in the laboratory, in an intuitive way.In addition to recording the skeleton, the application makes it possible to note the context of the discovery and to create fields of investigation according to its own research objectives.It allows data export in the form of text (automatic report) and/or tables for statistical uses.Colleter, R.; Romain, J.; Barreau, J. (2020). HumanOS: an open source nomadic software database for physical anthropology and archaeology. Virtual Archaeology Review. 11(23):94-105. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.13422OJS94105112

Langue et politique

Les études sur le multiculturalisme et les politiques linguistiques – encore peu diffusées en France – ont connu un grand essor dans l’ensemble de l’Europe depuis les années 1980. C’est dans le but de combler cette lacune que nous avons pris l’initiative d’organiser une session thématique consacrée aux mobilisations ethnolinguistiques en Europe lors du 10e Congrès de l’Association Française de Science Politique à Grenoble en septembre 2009. Ce numéro de la revue Cultures & Conflitsvise à prol..

A kd-tree algorithm to discover the boundary of a black box hypervolume or how to peel potatoes by recursively cutting them in halves

11 pagesInternational audienceGiven a subset of \R^\ndim of non-zero measure, defined through a blackbox function (an oracle), and assuming some regularity properties on this set, we build an efficient data structure representing this set. The naive approach would consists in sampling every point on a regular grid. As compared to it, our data structure has a complexity close to gaining one dimension both in terms of space and in number of calls to the oracle. This data structure produces a characteristic function (i.e. a function that can be used in lieu of the oracle), allows to measure the volume of the set, and allows to compute the distance to the boundary of the set for any point

Towards a territorial political capacity approach for studying European regions

This article proposes a framework for studying the territorial political capacity of regions in Europe. The proposed framework identifies three main dimensions of territorial political capacity. Mainly material indicators include institutions and institutional resources. Mixed material and constructed indicators centre on causal mechanisms of party and leadership capacity. Mainly constructed indicators are drawn from territorial praxis. Understanding a region requires combining different levels of analysis and distinctive ways of knowing; broad-based (quasi-statistical) variables facilitate comparison, while the focus on resilience and capacity requires primary data collection, drilling down into the practices of comparable panels of actors. This article discusses this framework in relation to four European regions that were the object of empirical investigation in 2012–2014: namely Brittany (France), Andalusia (Spain), Wallonia (Belgium) and Wales (United Kingdom). It contributes to the conceptualization of comparative territorial capacity, in a manner distinct from, but largely consistent with the Regional Authority Index

Effective two-level approximation of a multi-level system driven by coherent and incoherent fields

The numerical simulation of multiple scattering in dense ensembles is the mostly adopted solution to predict their complex optical response. While the scalar and vectorial light mediated interactions are accurately taken into account, the computational complexity still limits current simulations to the low saturation regime and ignores the internal structure of atoms. Here, we propose to go beyond these restrictions, at constant computational cost, by describing a multi-level system (MLS) by an effective two-level system (TLS) that best reproduces the coherent and total scattering properties in any saturation regime. The correspondence of our model is evaluated for different experimentally realistic conditions such as the modification of the driving field polarization, the presence of stray magnetic fields or an incoherent resonant electromagnetic field background. The trust interval of the model is quantified for the D2-line of 87Rb atoms but it could be generalized to any closed transition of a multi-level quantum system.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure

Approche multiphysique pour la simulation du bruit rayonné par un transformateur : prise en compte des effets magnétostrictifs

Ce papier présente une approche multiphysique pour estimer le bruit rayonné par un transformateur en réponse aux excitations électromagnétiques. La méthode compte 3 étapes : il s'agit tout d'abord de calculer l'induction dans le circuit magnétique. Les effets magnétostrictifs sont alors pris en compte grâce à une analogie thermique et les réponses dynamiques de la structure peuvent être calculées. Le rayonnement acoustique est ensuite estimé par éléments finis acoustiques ou par une méthode analytique. Une démarche expérimentale, analyses modales et réponses en fonctionnement, permet de valider la méthode de simulation

Effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices sur la faune sauvage

Human leisure activities are becoming more and more various and widespread, which may increase their potential consequences for wildlife in terms of disturbance. This paper summarizes existing knowledge on the effect of non-consumptive (i.e. not hunting nor fishing) leisure activities on wildlife. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive literature review but through the selection of relevant literature to examine the various aspects of the subject. First, we present the different definitions of disturbance, list the types of activities most likely to affect wildlife, and the species or taxonomic groups generally considered as being the most susceptible. Then, we summarize the various means of measuring the effects of disturbance, highlighting the fact that, though generally most obvious, changes in animal behaviour are not necessarily the most appropriate index of disturbance. Then we present the various scales at which disturbance has been studied, from individual behaviour to population dynamics. Finally, we suggest further research priorities, especially the recognized need for more experimental studies and studies of long-term effects of disturbance on individual fitness, hence population dynamics, since it is at this scale that appropriate management measures of disturbance have to be taken in the futureLes activités de loisirs sont de plus en plus variées et répandues, ce qui peut augmenter leurs effets en termes de dérangement de la faune sauvage. Dans cet article, nous présentons une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur l'effet des activités de loisirs non consommatrices (ne prenant pas en compte la chasse et la pêche, dont les effets ont été largement étudiés par ailleurs) pour les espèces sauvages. L'objectif n'est pas de fournir une revue exhaustive de la littérature, mais plutôt de présenter une sélection des publications pertinentes sur les différents aspects du sujet. Nous présentons d'abord les différentes définitions de la notion de dérangement, listons les activités reconnues comme les plus dérangeantes et les espèces ou groupes taxinomiques considérés comme les plus sensibles. La définition du dérangement que nous retenons ici est « toute déviation du comportement normal en réponse à des événements inattendus à proximité d'un animal ». Une grande variété d'activités de loisirs peuvent entraîner un dérangement de la faune sauvage, en particulier celles employant des véhicules à moteur ou celles amenant un contact rapproché entre le pratiquant et la faune sauvage (que ce rapprochement soit recherché ou non). La littérature démontre que tous les groupes animaux peuvent potentiellement être affectés par les activités de loisirs, même si c'est chez les oiseaux et les mammifères que le phénomène a été le plus étudié. Suite à ces définitions et revues initiales, nous résumons les différents modes de mesure du dérangement, mettant en exergue le fait que le changement de comportement des animaux, même s'il est un critère souvent évident à mesurer, n'est pas forcément le meilleur indicateur du dérangement. Car les individus commencent généralement à ressentir ses effets avant de modifier leurs activités ou de quitter la zone dérangée. Nous présentons ensuite les différentes échelles auxquelles le dérangement a été étudié, du comportement individuel à la dynamique des populations, les effets sur les populations étant évidemment les plus difficiles à mesurer, mais aussi les plus cruciaux à long terme. Nous suggérons donc quelques perspectives de recherche, en particulier le besoin reconnu de travaux expérimentaux et sur les conséquences du dérangement à long terme pour la valeur sélective des individus, donc la dynamique des populations. C'est en effet à cette échelle que doivent être prises les mesures de gestion adéquates dans le futur

The "extreme phenotype approach" applied to male breast cancer allows the identification of rare variants of ATR as potential breast cancer susceptibility alleles

In oncogenetics, some patients could be considered as "extreme phenotypes", such as those with very early onset presentation or multiple primary malignancies, unusually high numbers of cancers of the same spectrum or rare cancer types in the same parental branch. For these cases, a genetic predisposition is very likely, but classical candidate gene panel analyses often and frustratingly remains negative. In the framework of the EX2TRICAN project, exploring unresolved extreme cancer phenotypes, we applied exome sequencing on rare familial cases with male breast cancer, identifying a novel pathogenic variant of ATR (p.Leu1808*). ATR has already been suspected as being a predisposing gene to breast cancer in women. We next identified 3 additional ATR variants in a cohort of both male and female with early onset and familial breast cancers (c.7762-2A>C; c.2078+1G>A; c.1A>G). Further molecular and cellular investigations showed impacts on transcripts for variants affecting splicing sites and reduction of ATR expression and phosphorylation of the ATR substrate CHEK1. This work further demonstrates the interest of an extended genetic analysis such as exome sequencing to identify very rare variants that can play a role in cancer predisposition in extreme phenotype cancer cases unexplained by classical cancer gene panels testing

Surgical and Oncological Outcomes After Preoperative FOLFIRINOX Chemotherapy in Resected Pancreatic Cancer : An International Multicenter Cohort Study

Background. Preoperative FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy is increasingly administered to patients with borderline resectable (BRPC) and locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) to improve overall survival (OS). Multicenter studies reporting on the impact from the number of preoperative cycles and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in relation to outcomes in this setting are lacking. This study aimed to assess the outcome of pancreatectomy after preoperative FOLFIRINOX, including predictors of OS.Methods. This international multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients from 31 centers in 19 European countries and the United States undergoing pancreatectomy after preoperative FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy (2012-2016). The primary end point was OS from diagnosis. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression.Results. The study included 423 patients who underwent pancreatectomy after a median of six (IQR 5-8) preoperative cycles of FOLFIRINOX. Postoperative major morbidity occurred for 88 (20.8%) patients and 90-day mortality for 12 (2.8%) patients. An R0 resection was achieved for 243 (57.4%) patients, and 259 (61.2%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median OS was 38 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 34-42 months) for BRPC and 33 months (95% CI 27-45 months) for LAPC. Overall survival was significantly associated with R0 resection (hazard ratio [HR] 1.63; 95% CI 1.20-2.20) and tumor differentiation (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.08-1.91). Neither the number of preoperative chemotherapy cycles nor the use adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with OS.Conclusions. This international multicenter study found that pancreatectomy after FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy is associated with favorable outcomes for patients with BRPC and those with LAPC. Future studies should confirm that the number of neoadjuvant cycles and the use adjuvant chemotherapy have no relation to OS after resection.Peer reviewe