Efectos tóxicos derivados de la ingestión subcrónica de aceite de oliva sometido a diversos grados de fritura en rata

Falta palabras claveLos productos derivados del calentamiento y oxidación de grasas y aceites que presentan mayor interés son los hidroperóxidos, peróxidos y radicales libres. Estos productos no sólo afectan a la integridad del aceite, sino que también son capaces de producir efectos tóxicos en el organismo. Para el procedimiento experimental, se emplearon 50 ratas Wistar macho de entre seis y siete semanas de edad. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el daño oxidativo ocurre a nivel de todos los componentes celulares (ácidos nucleicos, lípidos, proteínas), pero es quizás en las membranas celulares, donde parece mayor el efecto. nivel histológico, la degeneración de tejido se hace patente a medida que aumenta la cantidad de compuestos polares en la dieta, afectándose en mayor medida, el sistema cardiovascular. En cuanto a la actividad de las actividades enzimáticas, el corazón sigue siendo el más afectado y el hígado, por el contrario el que lo está en menor medida; esto podría ser debido a que el hígado es el órgano destoxicador por excelencia y por tanto, estaría más preparado para hacer frente al ataque radicalario. Analizando en conjunto las variables: aumento de peso, consumo de alimento, ganancia de peso corporal y eficiencia de la ingesta, los datos reflejan que el aumento de peso es similar en los distintos grupos experimentales. Sin embargo, para poder conseguir esa progresión en el crecimiento, las ratas del grupo Control han de ingerir más alimento que, por ejemplo, las ratas del grupo con mayor nivel de compuestos polares. En este sentido, podemos decir que la eficiencia de conversión del alimento es mayor en los grupos suplementados con aceite de oliva que en la dieta Control (independientemente del nivel de compuestos polares que posean). En cuanto a las determinaciones bioquímicas del plasma sanguíneo, los niveles de glucosa y colesterol permanecen prácticamente inalterados entre los distintos grupos experimentales (p valor > 0.05), pero el nivel de triglicéridos disminuye significativamente con respecto al grupo Inicial en los grupos Frito II y Frito III. Por otro lado, la aspartato aminotransferasa aumenta significativamente en los grupos Frito II y Frito III, con respecto a los grupos Control e Inicial. La enzima AST, cataliza la reacción de transferencia de un grupo amino desde el L-aspartato al 2-oxoglutarato, formándose L-glutamato y oxalacetato. Está presente en muchos tejidos del organismo, como el hígado, el corazón, los músculos, los riñones y el cerebro. Si cualquiera de estos órganos o tejidos se viera afectado por una lesión o por una enfermedad, se liberaría esta enzima al torrente sanguíneo; siendo éste, nuestro caso. La AST no es un indicador específico de daño hepático, como lo es la ALT, que es una enzima que se encuentra casi exclusivamente en el hígado; por tanto, el que esté aumentada puede ser indicativo de daño sistémico en los individuos de estos grupos. Como conclusión, los resultados evidencian que el aceite de oliva virgen (variedad Hojiblanca) sometido a repetidos procesos de fritura, da lugar a efectos tóxicos en ratas Wistar macho tanto a nivel histológico como bioquímico, incluso en aquellos grupos que contienen un nivel de compuestos polares inferior al establecido en la legislación

A nation-wide analysis of socioeconomic and geographical disparities in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in children and adolescents in Spain: Results from the ENE-COVID study

Objective: To estimate national and provincial prevalence of obesity and excess weight in the child and adolescent population in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore sources of inequalities in their distribution, and their geographical patterns. Methods: ENE-COVID is a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey (68 287 participants) stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, that allowed estimating crude and model-based standardized prevalences of obesity and excess weight in the 10 543 child and adolescent participants aged 2-17 years. Results: Crude prevalences (WHO growth reference) were higher in boys than in girls (obesity: 13.4% vs. 7.9%; excess weight: 33.7% vs. 26.0%; severe obesity: 2.9% vs. 1.2%). These prevalences varied with age, increased with the presence of any adult with excess weight in the household, while they decreased with higher adult educational and census tract average income levels. Obesity by province ranged 1.8%-30.5% in boys and 0%-17.6% in girls; excess weight ranged 15.2%-49.9% in boys and 10.8%-40.8% in girls. The lowest prevalences of obesity and excess weight were found in provinces in the northern half of Spain. Sociodemographic characteristics only partially explained the observed geographical variability (33.6% obesity; 44.2% excess weight). Conclusions: Childhood and adolescent obesity and excess weight are highly prevalent in Spain, with relevant sex, sociodemographic and geographical differences. The geographic variability explained by sociodemographic variables indicates that there are other potentially modifiable factors on which to focus interventions at different geographic levels to fight this problem.Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Ministerio de SanidadS

Carga de trabalho em três grupos de pacientes em uma UTI espanhola segundo Nursing Activites Score

The purpose of this study was to assess the nursing workload at admission to and discharge from intensive care of three groups of patients (i.e., acute coronary syndrome, acute respiratory failure, and sepsis). A prospective, descriptive study was performed over a 27-month period and included 563 patients. The workload was assessed using the Nursing Activities Score scale. Significant differences in the workload were determined on the days of admission and discharge: the workload was higher in both cases for patients with acute respiratory failure and sepsis compared with patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome. This difference was maintained over the first seven days of their hospital stay. From day 8 on, the difference disappeared, and a workload balance was achieved in the three groups. Good staffing requires adequate tools for measuring care needs and understanding the workload required in the groups of patients who are most frequently admitted to intensive care.Se objetivó valorizar la carga de trabajo al ingreso y al alta en tres grupos de pacientes (síndrome coronario agudo, insuficiencia respiratoria aguda y sepsis) en terapia intensiva. Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de 27 meses, incluyéndose 563 pacientes, valorando carga de trabajo según Nursing Activities Score. Existieron diferencias significativas en la carga de trabajo al ingreso y en el alta entre los grupos de pacientes, siendo superior en ambos momentos la de pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda y sepsis frente a pacientes coronarios. Durante los siete primeros días de estancia se mantuvo esta diferencia, desapareciendo a partir del octavo día, equilibrándose la carga de trabajo para los tres grupos. Para conseguir una adecuada dotación de personal es fundamental contar con instrumentos para medir las necesidades de cuidados y conocer la carga de trabajo de los distintos grupos de enfermos que ingresan con mayor frecuencia en las unidades de terapia intensiva.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a carga de trabalho na admissão e alta dos pacientes de três grupos (síndrome coronária aguda, insuficiência respiratória aguda e sepsis) em cuidados intensivos. Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, descritivo, que decorreu durante 27 meses, incluindo 563 pacientes. Para a avaliação da carga de trabalho utilizou-se a escala Nursing Activities Score. A partir dos resultados do estudo parecem existir diferenças significativas na carga de trabalho no dia da admissão e alta entre os grupos de pacientes, sendo a carga maior em ambos os tempos a dos pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda e sepsis. Durante os primeiros sete dias de internamento essa diferença manteve-se, desaparecendo no oitavo dia, o que equilibrou a carga de trabalho para os três grupos. Conclui-se que para se conseguir os recursos adequados é essencial dispor de instrumentos para medir as necessidades de cuidados e conhecer a carga de trabalho dos diferentes grupos de pacientes que passam com mais frequência pelas unidades de cuidados intensivos

Pluripotency factors regulate the onset of Hox cluster activation in the early embryo

Pluripotent cells are a transient population of the mammalian embryo dependent on transcription factors, such as OCT4 and NANOG, which maintain pluripotency while suppressing lineage specification. However, these factors are also expressed during early phases of differentiation, and their role in the transition from pluripotency to lineage specification is largely unknown. We found that pluripotency factors play a dual role in regulating key lineage specifiers, initially repressing their expression and later being required for their proper activation. We show that Oct4 is necessary for activation of HoxB genes during differentiation of embryonic stem cells and in the embryo. In addition, we show that the HoxB cluster is coordinately regulated by OCT4 binding sites located at the 3′ end of the cluster. Our results show that core pluripotency factors are not limited to maintaining the precommitted epiblast but are also necessary for the proper deployment of subsequent developmental programs.This work was funded by the Spanish government (grants BFU2017-84914-P and PID2020-115755GB-I00 to M.M.; BFU2016-74961-P and BFU2016-81887-REDT to J.L.G.-S.), the Andalusian government (grant BIO-396 to J.L.G.-S.), and the European Research Council (ERC; grant agreement 740041 to J.L.G.-S.). M.T. held Juan de la Cierva fellowships from the Spanish government (FJCI-2017-31791 and IJC2019-038897-I), R.R. and R.D.A. held FPU fellowships from the government, and J.V. was the recipient of a “La Caixa” fellowship. Work in the laboratory of J.L.G.-S. was supported by a María de Maetzu Unit of Excellence Grant (MDM-2016-0687) to the Department of Gene Regulation and Morphogenesis of the CABD. The CBMSO is supported by an institutional grant from the Fundación Ramon Areces, and the CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (grant CEX2020-001041-S funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). : With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2020-001041-S)

Socio-geographical disparities of obesity and excess weight in adults in Spain: insights from the ENE-COVID study

Background: In Spain, differences in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight according to sex and sociodemographic factors have been described at the national level, although current data do not allow to delve into geographical differences for these conditions. The aim was to estimate national and regional prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore difference sources of inequalities in its distribution, as well as its geographical pattern. Method: ENE-COVID study was a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey with 57,131 participants. Residents in 35,893 households were selected from municipal rolls using a two-stage random sampling stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants (77.0% of contacted individuals) answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, as well as different socioeconomic variables, that allowed estimating crude and standardized prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight. Results: Crude prevalences of obesity and excess weight were higher in men (obesity: 19.3% vs. 18.0%; excess weight: 63.7% vs. 48.4%), while severe obesity was more prevalent in women (4.5% vs. 5.3%). These prevalences increased with age and disability, and decreased with education, census tract income and municipality size. Differences by educational level, relative census income, nationality or disability were clearly higher among women. Obesity by province ranged 13.3-27.4% in men and 11.4-28.1% in women; excess weight ranged 57.2-76.0% in men and 38.9-59.5% in women. The highest prevalences were located in the southern half of the country and some north-western provinces. Sociodemographic characteristics only explained a small part of the observed geographical variability (25.2% obesity). Conclusion: Obesity and overweight have a high prevalence in Spain, with notable geographical and sex differences. Socioeconomic inequalities are stronger among women. The observed geographical variability suggests the need to implement regional and local interventions to effectively address this public health problem.This study was supported by Spanish Ministry of Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, and Spanish National Health System.S

Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention in patients with medically unexplained symptoms: cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Medically unexplained symptoms are an important mental health problem in primary care and generate a high cost in health services.Cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy have proven effective in these patients. However, there are few studies on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions by primary health care. The project aims to determine whether a cognitive-behavioral group intervention in patients with medically unexplained symptoms, is more effective than routine clinical practice to improve the quality of life measured by the SF-12 questionary at 12 month. METHODS/DESIGN: This study involves a community based cluster randomized trial in primary healthcare centres in Madrid (Spain). The number of patients required is 242 (121 in each arm), all between 18 and 65 of age with medically unexplained symptoms that had seeked medical attention in primary care at least 10 times during the previous year. The main outcome variable is the quality of life measured by the SF-12 questionnaire on Mental Healthcare. Secondary outcome variables include number of consultations, number of drug (prescriptions) and number of days of sick leave together with other prognosis and descriptive variables. Main effectiveness will be analyzed by comparing the percentage of patients that improve at least 4 points on the SF-12 questionnaire between intervention and control groups at 12 months. All statistical tests will be performed with intention to treat. Logistic regression with random effects will be used to adjust for prognostic factors. Confounding factors or factors that might alter the effect recorded will be taken into account in this analysis. DISCUSSION: This study aims to provide more insight to address medically unexplained symptoms, highly prevalent in primary care, from a quantitative methodology. It involves intervention group conducted by previously trained nursing staff to diminish the progression to the chronicity of the symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce frequency of medical consultations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01484223 [http://ClinicalTrials.gov].S

Socio-geographical disparities of obesity and excess weight in adults in Spain: insights from the ENE-COVID study

BackgroundIn Spain, differences in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight according to sex and sociodemographic factors have been described at the national level, although current data do not allow to delve into geographical differences for these conditions. The aim was to estimate national and regional prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore difference sources of inequalities in its distribution, as well as its geographical pattern.MethodENE-COVID study was a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey with 57,131 participants. Residents in 35,893 households were selected from municipal rolls using a two-stage random sampling stratified by province and municipality size (April–June 2020). Participants (77.0% of contacted individuals) answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, as well as different socioeconomic variables, that allowed estimating crude and standardized prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight.ResultsCrude prevalences of obesity and excess weight were higher in men (obesity: 19.3% vs. 18.0%; excess weight: 63.7% vs. 48.4%), while severe obesity was more prevalent in women (4.5% vs. 5.3%). These prevalences increased with age and disability, and decreased with education, census tract income and municipality size. Differences by educational level, relative census income, nationality or disability were clearly higher among women. Obesity by province ranged 13.3–27.4% in men and 11.4–28.1% in women; excess weight ranged 57.2–76.0% in men and 38.9–59.5% in women. The highest prevalences were located in the southern half of the country and some north-western provinces. Sociodemographic characteristics only explained a small part of the observed geographical variability (25.2% obesity).ConclusionObesity and overweight have a high prevalence in Spain, with notable geographical and sex differences. Socioeconomic inequalities are stronger among women. The observed geographical variability suggests the need to implement regional and local interventions to effectively address this public health problem

Editorial (Vol 18, Trimestre 4, 2015)

Queridos amigos: Cuando hace unos años depositasteis en nosotros vuestra confianza para que asumiéramos la dirección de la SEDEN, ya os expresamos nuestros sentimientos de reconocimiento y respeto hacia todos los que nos precedieron en esta institución, a los fundadores, juntas directivas, vocales, y a todos y cada uno de vosotros, los SOCIOS por las innumerables muestras de cariño y apoyo que recibimos desde que comenzó este proyecto. Una vez pasado nuestro último Congreso comenzamos a recordar a todas aquellas personas que hemos conocido durante estos seis años, gente maravillosa que con su participación y confianza han sido "la esencia esencial" que nos ha permitido llegar tan lejos. No hemos estado solos, hemos tenido a nuestro lado a excelentes profesionales, en primera línea a todos nuestros vocales, ha resultado muy fácil trabajar junto a ellos y nos sentimos muy orgullosas de su entrega y compromiso. El equipo de la revista ENFERMERÍA NEFROLÓGICA, nuestro grupo de profesores, ponentes, moderadores, evaluadores y por supuesto nuestro personal administrativo, Ana María, Julia y Raúl; que son los auténticos guardianes de la SEDEN y de cada uno de sus socios: siempre están ahí, conocen íntimamente la estructura y son el alma de nuestra Sociedad. Sin ellos nada de todo esto hubiera sido posible. Como veis un gran equipo y además grandes personas, nunca hubiéramos podido dirigir esta Sociedad sin su colaboración

El mundo de los sentidos : aula multisensorial para alumnos con necesidades educativas específicas

Este programa de estimulación multisensorial se dirige a alumnos discapacitados gravemente afectados con patologías neurológicas estables concurrentes con alteraciones de la personalidad y la comunicación. Se usan recursos y metodología que puedan facilitarles el encuentro con su entorno desde vías precognitivas que les ayude a acceder a la información a través de los sentidos. Para ello se trabaja la estimulación visual, la estimulación táctil, la estimulación gustativa y olfativa, y la estimulación auditiva y vestibular. Se elaboran registros de observación, evaluación y seguimiento del alumno, así como de tolerancia a los estímulos para evaluar la situación de los alumnos y su evolución. Se acondiciona una sala con los materiales necesarios para la estimulación vestibular y se elabora un fichero con las actividades que sirve como guía para la preparación de las sesiones. Adjunta ejemplos de las fichas de las actividades.Madrid (Comunidad Autónoma). Consejería de Educación. Dirección General de Ordenación AcadémicaMadridMadrid (Comunidad Autónoma). Subdirección General de Formación del Profesorado. CRIF Las Acacias; General Ricardos 179 - 28025 Madrid; Tel. + 34915250893ES