Low precipitation due to climate change consistently reduces multifunctionality of urban grasslands in mesocosms

Urban grasslands are crucial for biodiversity and ecosystem services in cities, while little is known about their multifunctionality under climate change. Thus, we investigated the effects of simulated climate change, i.e., increased [CO2] and temperature, and reduced precipitation, on individual functions and overall multifunctionality in mesocosm grasslands sown with forbs and grasses in four different proportions aiming at mimicking road verge grassland patches. Climate change scenarios RCP2.6 (control) and RCP8.5 (worst-case) were simulated in walk-in climate chambers of an ecotron facility, and watering was manipulated for normal vs. reduced precipitation. We measured eight indicator variables of ecosystem functions based on below- and aboveground characteristics. The young grassland communities responded to higher [CO2] and warmer conditions with increased vegetation cover, height, flower production, and soil respiration. Lower precipitation affected carbon cycling in the ecosystem by reducing biomass production and soil respiration. In turn, the water regulation capacity of the grasslands depended on precipitation interacting with climate change scenario, given the enhanced water efficiency resulting from increased [CO2] under RCP8.5. Multifunctionality was negatively affected by reduced precipitation, especially under RCP2.6. Trade-offs arose among single functions that performed best in either grass- or forb-dominated grasslands. Grasslands with an even ratio of plant functional types coped better with climate change and thus are good options for increasing the benefits of urban green infrastructure. Overall, the study provides experimental evidence of the effects of climate change on the functionality of urban ecosystems. Designing the composition of urban grasslands based on ecological theory may increase their resilience to global change.publishedVersio

Propuesta de mejora del proceso de elaboración de jarabe simple en la Compañía Aje Colombia

El siguiente trabajo es presentado para optar por el título de “Especialistas en producción y logística internacional"; esta investigación tiene como principal propósito obtener mejoras en el proceso de elaboración de jarabe simple en la empresa AJE COLOMBIA, ya que se evidencian falencias en el mismo por temas de desperdicio, desorganización, fallas en el proceso y posibles riesgos a corto plazo en salud ocupacional. Se desarrollará la descripción y el análisis del proceso actual, se tienen en cuenta la maquinaria utilizada, las personas que se encuentran vinculadas directamente con el proceso y los movimientos realizados, dicho análisis guiara a la compañía hacia alternativas de solución que fomenten el mejoramiento del proceso. Para dar solución a estos problemas se debe indagar y observar que complicaciones se ven en el proceso que afectan la productividad y eficiencia, analizar con aportes de los profesionales a cargo, entrevistar a las personas involucradas directa e indirectamente en el proceso y conocer su opinión. Una vez se tengan identificados los problemas se analizarán las causas para llegar a una solución que satisfaga las necesidades corporativas y del proceso formulando conclusiones que aporten a la empresa una visión general para la automatización del proceso y eficiencia del mismo.The following work is presented to choose for the title of " Specialists in production and international logistics "; this investigation has as principal intention obtain improvements in the process of production of simple syrup in the company I RUFFLED COLOMBIA, since failings are demonstrated in the same one by topics of waste, disorganization, faults in the process and possible short-term risks in occupational health. There develops the description and the analysis of the current process, the used machinery is born in mind, the persons who are linked directly by the process and the realized movements, the above mentioned analysis was guiding to the company towards alternatives of solution that promote the improvement of the process. To give solution to these problems it is necessary to investigate and observe that complications are seen in the process that the productivity and efficiency affect, to analyze with contributions of the professionals to post, to interview the involved persons directly and indirectly in the process and to know his opinion. Once the problems are had identified the reasons will be analyzed to come to a solution that satisfies the corporate needs and of the process formulating conclusions that contribute to the company a general vision for the automation of the process and efficiency of the same one.Resumen 7 Introducción 8 1 Título de la investigación 9 2 Problema de investigación 9 21 Descripción del problema 9 22 Planteamiento del problema 11 23 Sistematización del problema 11 3 Objetivos de la investigación 12 31 Objetivo general 12 32 Objetivos específicos 12 4 Justificación y delimitación 12 41 Justificación 12 42 Delimitación 14 43 Limitaciones 14 5 Marco referencial 15 51 Estado del arte 15 511 Estado del arte local 15 512 Estado del arte nacional 16 513 Estado del arte internacional 18 52 Marco teórico 20 53 Marco histórico 32 54 Marco legal 34 6 Marco metodológico 36 61 Recolección de la información (metodología) 36 611 Tipo de investigación 36 612 Establecer fuentes de recolección de la información 36 6121 Fuentes primarias 36 6122 Fuentes secundarias 37 613 Herramientas a utilizar 37 614 Metodología 37 615 Recopilación de la información 37 62 Análisis de la información 43 63 Propuestas de solución 49 631 Propuesta 1 49 632 Propuesta 2 53 633 Propuesta 3 54 7 Resultados esperados 54 8 Análisis financieros (ROI) 56 9 Conclusiones y recomendaciones 58 91 Conclusiones 58 10 Bibliografía 60EspecializaciónEspecialista en Producción y Logística InternacionalEspecialización en Producción y Logística Internaciona

Percutaneous biopsies in breast lesions and the importance of ultrasound as an adjunct to mammography

El cáncer de mama es el tumor invasivo más frecuente en mujeres, con más de un millón de casos y cerca de 600.000 muertes al año en todo el mundo (1), con tasas de incidencia más altas en países industrializados, como Estados Unidos, Australia y países de Europa Occidental, que pueden estar relacionadas con mudanzas en los patrones reproductivos así como un mayor uso de la mamografía (2, 3, 4 y 5). La tasa de incidencia no es igual para todos los grupos raciales y étnicos reflejando los diversos grados de desarrollo socioeconómico y características culturales (6). Las tasas promedio anuales de incidencia ajustadas para la edad desde 1996 hasta el 2000 fueron 140,8 casos/100000 entre mujeres blancas, 121,7 entre afroamericanas, 97,2 entre Asiático-americanas/isleñas del pacífico, 89,8 en hispánicas y 58 en indios americanos/nativos de Alaska (6). En América latina según la unión internacional para el control de cáncer, Uruguay, Argentina y Chile tienen la tasa más alta de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de mama, mientras que en Perú y México el cáncer cervicouterino sigue ocupando el primer lugar. A nivel mundial se observa una tendencia al aumento del cáncer de mama mientras que el cervicouterino disminuye, sin embargo en Colombia la incidencia de cáncer con una tasa ajustada para la edad fue del 36.8 por cien mil para el cuello uterino y del 30 por cien mil para la mama.1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 12 2. JUSTIFICACION 14 3. MARCO TEORICO 15 3.1 TAMIZAJE PARA DETECCIÓN TEMPRANA DE CÁNCER DE MAMA 15 3.2 MÉTODOS DIAGNÓSTICOS EN CÁNCER DE MAMA 17 3.2.1 Mamografía. 17 3.2.2 Ecografía mamaria 22 3.2.3 Birads Combinado Final 37 3.3 METODOS DE OBTENCIÓN DE MUESTRAS PARA ESTUDIO HISTOPATOLÓGICO 38 3.3.1 Biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina 39 3.3.2 Biopsia con aguja gruesa guiada por ecografía 39 3.3.3 Biopsia con aguja gruesa guiada por estereotaxia 40 3.3.4 Radiografía de los cilindros de microbiopsia 41 3.3.5 Biopsia escisional previa marcación con arpón 41 3.3.6 Radiografía de pieza quirúrgica posterior a marcaje con aguja y correlación histopatológica 42 3.3.7 Revisión de la mamografía e histologia de las muestras con aguja gruesa 42 3.4 AUDITORIA BIRADS 43 3.4.1 Sensibilidad y especificidad. 47 3.4.2 Mamografías falsas negativas 47 3.4.3 Valor predictivo positivo 48 3.4.4 Valor predictivo negativo 49 3.4.5 Revisión de los resultados 49 3.4.6 Valor predictivo positivo de la biopsia de mama 50 3.4.7 Causas de mamografía falsas negativas 50 3.5 CLASIFICACIÓN HISTOLÓGICA DE PATOLOGÍA MAMARIA: 51 3.5.1 Lesiones benignas de la mama. 51 3.5.2 Lesiones malignas 54 3.6 FACTORES DE RIESGO 60 3.6.1 Factores de riesgo establecidos 60 3.6.2 Factores de riesgo no establecidos o en investigación 63 4. OBJETIVOS 67 4.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 67 4.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 67 5. METODOLOGIA 68 5.1 TIPO DE ESTUDIO 68 5.2 POBLACION 68 5.3 VARIABLES 68 5.4 RECOLECCION DE DATOS 69 5.5 CRITERIOS DE INCLUSION 69 5.6 CRITERIOS DE EXCLUSION 70 5.7 TECNICA DE RECOLECCION 70 5.8 PLAN DE ANALISIS 72 6. RESULTADOS 73 6.1 ANALISIS UNIVARIADO 73 6.2 ANALISIS BIVARIADO 80 7. DISCUSION 106 8. CONCLUSIONES 110 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS 111EspecializaciónBreast cancer is the most common invasive tumor in women, with more than a million cases and nearly 600,000 deaths a year worldwide (1), with higher incidence rates in industrialized countries, such as the United States, Australia and Western European countries, which may be related to changes in reproductive patterns as well as increased use of mammography (2, 3, 4 and 5). The incidence rate is not the same for all racial and ethnic groups, reflecting varying degrees of socioeconomic development and cultural characteristics (6). Average annual incidence rates adjusted for age from 1996 to 2000 were 140.8 cases / 100,000 among white women, 121.7 among African-Americans, 97.2 among Asian-American / Pacific Islander, 89.8 among Hispanic and 58 in American Indians / Alaska Natives (6). In Latin America, according to the International Union for Cancer Control, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile have the highest incidence and mortality rates from breast cancer, while in Peru and Mexico cervical cancer continues to rank first. Worldwide, there is a trend towards an increase in breast cancer while cervical cancer decreases, however in Colombia the incidence of cancer with an age-adjusted rate was 36.8 per hundred thousand for the cervix and 30 per hundred thousand for mom

Relationship of insect biomass and richness with land use along a climate gradient

Recently reported insect declines have raised both political and social concern. Although the declines have been attributed to land use and climate change, supporting evidence suffers from low taxonomic resolution, short time series, a focus on local scales, and the collinearity of the identified drivers. In this study, we conducted a systematic assessment of insect populations in southern Germany, which showed that differences in insect biomass and richness are highly context dependent. We found the largest difference in biomass between semi-natural and urban environments (−42%), whereas differences in total richness (−29%) and the richness of threatened species (−56%) were largest from semi-natural to agricultural environments. These results point to urbanization and agriculture as major drivers of decline. We also found that richness and biomass increase monotonously with increasing temperature, independent of habitat. The contrasting patterns of insect biomass and richness question the use of these indicators as mutual surrogates. Our study provides support for the implementation of more comprehensive measures aimed at habitat restoration in order to halt insect declines

Dung‐visiting beetle diversity is mainly affected by land use, while community specialization is driven by climate

Dung beetles are important actors in the self‐regulation of ecosystems by driving nutrient cycling, bioturbation, and pest suppression. Urbanization and the sprawl of agricultural areas, however, destroy natural habitats and may threaten dung beetle diversity. In addition, climate change may cause shifts in geographical distribution and community composition. We used a space‐for‐time approach to test the effects of land use and climate on α‐diversity, local community specialization (H (2)′) on dung resources, and γ‐diversity of dung‐visiting beetles. For this, we used pitfall traps baited with four different dung types at 115 study sites, distributed over a spatial extent of 300 km × 300 km and 1000 m in elevation. Study sites were established in four local land‐use types: forests, grasslands, arable sites, and settlements, embedded in near‐natural, agricultural, or urban landscapes. Our results show that abundance and species density of dung‐visiting beetles were negatively affected by agricultural land use at both spatial scales, whereas γ‐diversity at the local scale was negatively affected by settlements and on a landscape scale equally by agricultural and urban land use. Increasing precipitation diminished dung‐visiting beetle abundance, and higher temperatures reduced community specialization on dung types and γ‐diversity. These results indicate that intensive land use and high temperatures may cause a loss in dung‐visiting beetle diversity and alter community networks. A decrease in dung‐visiting beetle diversity may disturb decomposition processes at both local and landscape scales and alter ecosystem functioning, which may lead to drastic ecological and economic damage

Disentangling effects of climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services - a multi‐scale experimental design

Climate and land-use change are key drivers of environmental degradation in the Anthropocene, but too little is known about their interactive effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Long-term data on biodiversity trends are currently lacking. Furthermore, previous ecological studies have rarely considered climate and land use in a joint design, did not achieve variable independence or lost statistical power by not covering the full range of environmental gradients. Here, we introduce a multi-scale space-for-time study design to disentangle effects of climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The site selection approach coupled extensive GIS-based exploration (i.e. using a Geographic information system) and correlation heatmaps with a crossed and nested design covering regional, landscape and local scales. Its implementation in Bavaria (Germany) resulted in a set of study plots that maximise the potential range and independence of environmental variables at different spatial scales. Stratifying the state of Bavaria into five climate zones (reference period 1981–2010) and three prevailing land-use types, that is, near-natural, agriculture and urban, resulted in 60 study regions (5.8 × 5.8 km quadrants) covering a mean annual temperature gradient of 5.6–9.8°C and a spatial extent of ~310 × 310 km. Within these regions, we nested 180 study plots located in contrasting local land-use types, that is, forests, grasslands, arable land or settlement (local climate gradient 4.5–10°C). This approach achieved low correlations between climate and land use (proportional cover) at the regional and landscape scale with |r ≤ 0.33| and |r ≤ 0.29| respectively. Furthermore, using correlation heatmaps for local plot selection reduced potentially confounding relationships between landscape composition and configuration for plots located in forests, arable land and settlements. The suggested design expands upon previous research in covering a significant range of environmental gradients and including a diversity of dominant land-use types at different scales within different climatic contexts. It allows independent assessment of the relative contribution of multi-scale climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Understanding potential interdependencies among global change drivers is essential to develop effective restoration and mitigation strategies against biodiversity decline, especially in expectation of future climatic changes. Importantly, this study also provides a baseline for long-term ecological monitoring programs

Matemáticas en contexto

El libro compila estrategias didácticas derivadas del programa de formación complementario escritas por instructores técnicos de diferentes regionales del país, describe la forma en que se incorpora el conocimiento matemático en campos específicos de diferentes áreas de formación laboral basado en las teorías didácticas y reflexiones pedagógicas de instructores.The book compiles the didactic strategies derived from the complementary training program by the technical instructors of the regional media of the country, describes the way in which mathematical knowledge is incorporated in the fields of different areas of work training based on theories didactic and pedagogical reflections of instructors.Consideraciones frente al aprendizaje de las matemáticas -- Perspectiva constructivista -- Teoría de las situaciones didácticas -- Modelación matemática -- Mediación tecnológica -- Pensamiento numérico variacional -- Pensamiento numérico -- Pensamiento variacional -- Diseño de modelo matemático con aplicación de costos de producción -- Modelo matemático del consumo de gas en un artefacto afectado por su presión de trabajo -- Planeación de la producción agrícola: Caso plan óptimo de siembra que permita alcanzar la máxima rentabilidad del cultivo -- Estudio del Álgebra de Boole -- Diseño de un modelo de inventarios para una pequeña empresa de calzado de dotación -- Estudio de la Ley de Ohm mediante herramienta interactiva -- Pensamiento métrico-geométrico -- Pensamiento geométrico -- Pensamiento métrico -- Caso de optimización de recursos en el sector industrial de la confección -- Optimización de espacios para huertas urbanas -- Optimización de los costos del espacio de almacenamiento en microempresas y pequeñas empresas de acuerdo con las normas de seguridad vigentes -- Unidad de medida métrica para confección de ropa exterior femenina -- Optimización de recursos aplicando el proceso administrativo -- Pensamiento aleatorio -- Estadística Básica para Articulación con la Media -- Evaluación del impacto de la accidentalidad en la implementación del Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (sg-sst) por medio de indicadores -- Identificar los aspectos de la declaración de renta para una persona natural no obligada a llevar contabilidad -- Fortalecimiento de la estadística: caso de las unidades productivas del Centro de Biotecnología Agropecuaria -- Estadística dinámica -- Resultados preliminaresna[270 páginas

Anales del III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad "Debate en torno a la nueva agenda urbana"

Acta de congresoEl III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad “Debates en torno a la NUEVa Agenda Urbana”, ha sido una apuesta de alto compromiso por acercar los debates centrales y urgentes que tensionan el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la ciudad. Para ello las instituciones organizadoras (INVIHAB –Instituto de Investigación de Vivienda y Hábitat y MGyDH-Maestría en Gestión y Desarrollo Habitacional-1), hemos convidado un espacio que se concretó con potencia en un debate transdisciplinario. Convocó a intelectuales de prestigio internacional, investigadores, académicos y gestores estatales, y en una metodología de innovación articuló las voces académicas con las de las organizaciones sociales y/o barriales en el Foro de las Organizaciones Sociales que tuvo su espacio propio para dar voz a quienes están trabajando en los desafíos para garantizar los derechos a la vivienda y los bienes urbanos en nuestras ciudades del Siglo XXI

Competitive trait hierarchies of native communities and invasive propagule pressure consistently predict invasion success during grassland establishment

Invasive non-native plants challenge ecosystems restoration, and understanding the factors that determine the establishment of invasive plants is crucial to improve restoration outcomes. However, the drivers of invasibility of plant communities are not sufficiently clear, and combined effects are not understood. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of the main drivers of invasion success during early phases of restoration, i.e., biotic resistance, invasive propagule pressure, and environmental fluctuations. We compared the contribution of these drivers in a series of mesocosms experiments using designed grasslands as a model system, and Solidago gigantea as invasive model species. Two grassland communities were designed according to competitive trait hierarchies with different sowing patterns, reflecting variation in biotic resistance. We then manipulated invader propagule pressure and applied different scenarios of environmental fluctuation, i.e., flood, heat, and N fertilization. Invasive biomass was considered as proxy for invasion success, while native biomass represented restoration success. There were consistent effects of biotic resistance to S. gigantea invasion via competitive trait hierarchies in the three experiments. Communities dominated by species with high-competition traits were more resistant regardless of environmental fluctuation. Clumped seeding of the native community reduced invasibility, whereas high non-native propagule density increased invasion. The effects of environmental fluctuation were less consistent and context-dependent, thus playing a secondary role when compared to biotic drivers of invasion. Restoration initiatives on grasslands impacted by invasive plants should consider biotic resistance of the restored community as a key driver and the importance of controlling further arrivals of invasive species during community assembly.publishedVersio

Competitive trait hierarchies of native communities and invasive propagule pressure consistently predict invasion success during grassland establishment

Invasive non-native plants challenge ecosystems restoration, and understanding the factors that determine the establishment of invasive plants is crucial to improve restoration outcomes. However, the drivers of invasibility of plant communities are not sufficiently clear, and combined effects are not understood. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of the main drivers of invasion success during early phases of restoration, i.e., biotic resistance, invasive propagule pressure, and environmental fluctuations. We compared the contribution of these drivers in a series of mesocosms experiments using designed grasslands as a model system, and Solidago gigantea as invasive model species. Two grassland communities were designed according to competitive trait hierarchies with different sowing patterns, reflecting variation in biotic resistance. We then manipulated invader propagule pressure and applied different scenarios of environmental fluctuation, i.e., flood, heat, and N fertilization. Invasive biomass was considered as proxy for invasion success, while native biomass represented restoration success. There were consistent effects of biotic resistance to S. gigantea invasion via competitive trait hierarchies in the three experiments. Communities dominated by species with high-competition traits were more resistant regardless of environmental fluctuation. Clumped seeding of the native community reduced invasibility, whereas high non-native propagule density increased invasion. The effects of environmental fluctuation were less consistent and context-dependent, thus playing a secondary role when compared to biotic drivers of invasion. Restoration initiatives on grasslands impacted by invasive plants should consider biotic resistance of the restored community as a key driver and the importance of controlling further arrivals of invasive species during community assembly