Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders.

While it is apparent that rare variation can play an important role in the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the contribution of common variation to the risk of developing ASD is less clear. To produce a more comprehensive picture, we report Stage 2 of the Autism Genome Project genome-wide association study, adding 1301 ASD families and bringing the total to 2705 families analysed (Stages 1 and 2). In addition to evaluating the association of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we also sought evidence that common variants, en masse, might affect the risk. Despite genotyping over a million SNPs covering the genome, no single SNP shows significant association with ASD or selected phenotypes at a genome-wide level. The SNP that achieves the smallest P-value from secondary analyses is rs1718101. It falls in CNTNAP2, a gene previously implicated in susceptibility for ASD. This SNP also shows modest association with age of word/phrase acquisition in ASD subjects, of interest because features of language development are also associated with other variation in CNTNAP2. In contrast, allele scores derived from the transmission of common alleles to Stage 1 cases significantly predict case status in the independent Stage 2 sample. Despite being significant, the variance explained by these allele scores was small (Vm< 1%). Based on results from individual SNPs and their en masse effect on risk, as inferred from the allele score results, it is reasonable to conclude that common variants affect the risk for ASD but their individual effects are modest

Autistic Adult Services Availability, Preferences, and User Experiences : Results From the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union Survey

There is very little knowledge regarding autistic adult services, practices, and delivery. The study objective was to improve understanding of current services and practices for autistic adults and opportunities for improvement as part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (ASDEU) project. Separate survey versions were created for autistic adults, carers of autistic adults, and professionals in adult services. 2,009 persons responded to the survey and 1,085 (54%) of them completed at least one of the services sections: 469 autistic adults (65% female; 55% 50% responded "don't know"). Five of seven residential services features recommended for autistic adults were experienced byPeer reviewe

A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable disorder of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. It is primarily characterized by altered cognitive ability including impaired language and communication skills and fundamental deficits in social reciprocity. Despite some notable successes in neuropsychiatric genetics, overall, the high heritability of ASD (~90%) remains poorly explained by common genetic risk variants. However, recent studies suggest that rare genomic variation, in particular copy number variation, may account for a significant proportion of the genetic basis of ASD. We present a large scale analysis to identify candidate genes which may contain low-frequency recessive variation contributing to ASD while taking into account the potential contribution of population differences to the genetic heterogeneity of ASD. Our strategy, homozygous haplotype (HH) mapping, aims to detect homozygous segments of identical haplotype structure that are shared at a higher frequency amongst ASD patients compared to parental controls. The analysis was performed on 1,402 Autism Genome Project trios genotyped for 1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified 25 known and 1,218 novel ASD candidate genes in the discovery analysis including CADM2, ABHD14A, CHRFAM7A, GRIK2, GRM3, EPHA3, FGF10, KCND2, PDZK1, IMMP2L and FOXP2. Furthermore, 10 of the previously reported ASD genes and 300 of the novel candidates identified in the discovery analysis were replicated in an independent sample of 1,182 trios. Our results demonstrate that regions of HH are significantly enriched for previously reported ASD candidate genes and the observed association is independent of gene size (odds ratio 2.10). Our findings highlight the applicability of HH mapping in complex disorders such as ASD and offer an alternative approach to the analysis of genome-wide association data

Aspects psychologiques, cognitifs et comportementaux d'enfants présentant un syndrome de Prader-Willi (étude transversale et étude longitudinale)

Cette étude vise à décrire les caractéristiques psychologiques, cognitives et comportementales d individus présentant un syndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) au cours de la petite enfance et de l enfance. La population est constituée de 36 enfants âgés de 2,5 à 15 ans, suivis régulièrement par le centre de référence du SPW. Trois études prospectives sont présentées. La première décrit la prise en charge et la scolarité de ces 36 enfants, leurs compétences cognitives et leurs comportements adaptatifs ainsi que les comportements connus comme problématiques chez les adolescents et les adultes SPW. L ensemble de ces données sont étudiées de façon comparative entre les enfants de moins de 5 ans et ceux de plus de 6 ans. Nos résultats apportent un éclairage nouveau sur les caractéristiques de ces jeunes enfants SPW qui sont, en de nombreux points, différentes des descriptions issues des études rétrospectives. La seconde étude transversale décrit les aptitudes des 27 enfants de plus de 6 ans à apparier, dénommer et attribuer des émotions. Leurs performances sont comparées à celles d enfants typiques appariés sur l âge de développement et sur l âge chronologique. Les résultats de cette étude pionnière montrent que les enfants SPW ont des compétences hétérogènes pour identifier les émotions, il existe à la fois un effet de l émotion et un effet de la tâche. Enfin, la dernière étude présente les résultats d un suivi longitudinal de 4 ans pour 10 enfants. Les compétences cognitives et les comportements adaptatifs sont ici décrits dans leur évolution, en précisant l émergence de certains troubles du comportement.Our aim was to describe the psychologic, cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with Prader-Willi syndrom (PWS). The cohort includes 36 children from 2.5 to 15 years regularly followed in the French reference centre for PWS. Three prospective studies are presented, two transversal comparative studies and one longitudinal. The first study describes, in the entire cohort, the multidisciplinary care and the scolarisation of the children, their cognitive abilities and their adaptative behaviors as well as the known behavioral which are problematic issues in adolescents and adults with PWS. We compared the data between children aged less than 5 years and children aged more than 6 years. Our results pointed out differences with the previous results already published in retrospective studies. The second transversal study describes the capacities of the 27 children aged more than 6 years to match, to label and to infer emotional states. We then compared the results of these PWS patients with results obtained from control children matched for sex and for developmental age on one hand, and for chronological age on the other hand. The results of this innovative study show that children with PWS have heterogeneous abilities for the identification of the emotions, with an effect of the nature of the emotion and of the task. Finally, the last study describes the results of a 4 years longitudinal study of 10 children in terms of phenotypic evolution during the transition from early childhood to childhood. The evolution of their cognitive abilities and of their adaptative behaviors is detailed, showing the emergence of some behavioral troubles.TOULOUSE2-SCD-Bib. electronique (315559903) / SudocSudocFranceF

Evaluation d'un programme d'activités physiques adaptées sur la qualité de vie des personnes souffrant de handicap mental sévère et vivant en institution

TOULOUSE2-BUC Mirail (315552102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Sommeil et troubles du spectre de l'autisme (caractérisation des troubles du sommeil dans une approche développementale)

La première partie de cette étude analyse les caractéristiques des troubles du sommeil dans une approche comparative et développementale auprès d une population d enfants avec autisme et d enfants sans trouble du développement, âgés entre 2 et 12 ans. Les résultats retrouvent une forte prévalence au sein de la population avec autisme. Les troubles du sommeil apparaissent intrinsèquement liés aux troubles autistiques avec un pic des émergences évalué aux alentours des 3-4 ans. Les difficultés de sommeil ne se lient pas significativement à un ensemble de facteurs pourtant trouvé corrélé au sein de la population contrôle (âge, durée, évènements familiaux, fratrie). Cette étude fait aussi le constat d un manque dans le suivi et la prise en charge des difficultés de sommeil pour l ensemble des deux groupes cliniques. La seconde partie de la recherche étudie les relations existantes entre les différents problèmes de sommeil (parasomnies, troubles respiratoires et dyssomnies). Elles sembleraient participer à l entretien et au maintien des problèmes de sommeil chez l enfant avec autisme, dès le plus jeune âge. La troisième partie analyse le rôle des habitudes et pratiques du sommeil dans la mise en place et le maintien des problèmes de sommeil chez l enfant avec autisme. Les particularités de fonctionnement de l enfant avec autisme semblent participer à l entretien des troubles du sommeil.The first part of this study was interested in the characteristics of sleeping disorders in a comparative and developmental approach with a population of children with autism and healthy controls, aged 2-12 years. The results find a higher prevalence within the population with autism and would indicate that its can intrinsically bound to the autistic disorders with a peak of the emergences estimated around 3-4 years. The sleep disturbances are not significantly linked in a set of factors nevertheless found correlated within the population control (age, duration, family events, sibship). This study also makes the report of a lack in the follow-up and the coverage of the difficulties of sleep.The second part of the research was studied the existing relations between the sleep problems (parasomnias, respiratory disorders and dyssomnias) Its would seem to participate in the perseveration of the problems of sleep at the child with autism, from the youngest age. The thrid part analyses the role of the sleep habits in the sleep problems at the child with autism. The functionning of the child with autism seem to participate in the maintenance of sleep problems.TOULOUSE2-SCD-Bib. electronique (315559903) / SudocSudocFranceF

Evaluation des effets d'une intervention de groupe de type psycho-éducationnel sur des femmes atteintes de cancer du sein (étude randomisée)

TOULOUSE2-BUC Mirail (315552102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

La dyslexie développementale et l'influence des interlocuteurs

Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières - Orléans (brgm) / SudocSudocFranceF