Evidence and modeling of turbulence bifurcation in L-mode confinement transitions on Alcator C-Mod

© 2020 Author(s). Analysis and modeling of rotation reversal hysteresis experiments show that a single turbulent bifurcation is responsible for the Linear to Saturated Ohmic Confinement (LOC/SOC) transition and concomitant intrinsic rotation reversal on Alcator C-Mod. Plasmas on either side of the reversal exhibit different toroidal rotation profiles and therefore different turbulence characteristics despite the profiles of density and temperature, which are indistinguishable within measurement uncertainty. Elements of this bifurcation are also shown to persist for auxiliary heated L-modes. The deactivation of subdominant (in the linear growth rate and contribution to heat transport) ion temperature gradient and trapped electron mode instabilities is identified as the only possible change in turbulence within a reduced quasilinear transport model across the reversal, which is consistent with the measured profiles and inferred heat and particle fluxes. Experimental constraints on a possible change from strong to weak turbulence, outside the description of the quasilinear model, are also discussed. These results indicate an explanation for the LOC/SOC transition that provides a mechanism for the hysteresis through the dynamics of subdominant modes and changes in their relative populations and does not involve a change in the most linearly unstable ion-scale drift-wave instability

Yrityksen Tekes-rahoitteisen projektin tilintarkastus

Innovaatiorahoituskeskus Tekes rahoitti vuonna 2016 suomalaisten yritysten toteuttamia projekteja noin 467 miljoonalla eurolla. Useimpien Tekesin tarjoamien rahoituspalvelujen ehtona on rahoituksen tilityksen tarkistuttaminen auktorisoidulla tilintarkastajalla. Työn tavoitteena on tuottaa Tekes-rahoitteisten projektien tarkastusta varten osin tarkastusta ohjaava dokumentaatiopohja, tarjota opinnäytetyön raporttiosalla dokumentaatiopohjaa tukeva katsaus Tekes-rahoitteisten projektien tarkastukseen ja syventää kirjoittajan vielä kapeaa osaamista projektitarkastuksista. Opinnäytetyössä keskitytään Tekesin yrityksille tarjoamien rahoitusmuotojen tarkastuksen erityispiirteisiin eikä raporttia tai dokumentaatiopohjaa voida soveltaa julkisten toimijoiden projektien tarkastuksiin. Työ toteutettiin laatien teoriapohja tilintarkastuksen tavoitteista ja eri toimeksiannoista, julkisen rahoituksen ja Tekesin rooleista rahoittajana sekä niistä normeista ja sääntelyistä, jotka koskevat julkisen rahoituksen tilitysten tarkastusta. Teoriapohjan lisäksi tuotettiin luku Tekes-rahoitteisen projektin tarkastuksen teknisestä toteutuksesta osin Tekesin vuoden 2017 yleisten rahoitusehtojen ja tarkastusraporttipohjien sekä auktorisoidun tilintarkastajan ja Tekesin maksatuspalvelujohtajan haastattelujen pohjalta. Tämän osion rinnalla tuotettiin Tekes-rahoitteisten projektien tarkastuksia varten dokumentaatiopohja, joka koottiin kokonaisuudeksi raportin liitteisiin. Tekesin maksatuspalvelujohtaja Anne Kleemolan haastattelun tuloksena todettiin, etteivät Tekesin nykyiset tarkastusraporttipohjat huomioi erityisehtojen tarkastusta yhtä yksityiskohtaisesti, kuin tarkastusraporttipohjalla olevat muut tarkastuksessa huomioitavat seikat on huomioitu. Kleemola totesi tämän olevan hyödyllinen huomio ja tarkastusraporttipohjiin mahdollisesti kehitettävä asia. Koska toimeksiantajalle tuotetusta dokumentaatiopohjasta syntyi selkeä runko Tekes-rahoitteisen projektin tarkastukselle, projektitarkastuksien osalta koettiin oman osaamisen syventyneen ja yhteydenotto Tekesiin koettiin myös heidän osaltaan hyödylliseksi, opinnäytetyön voidaan todeta täyttäneen tavoitteensa

Estado del Arte en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria en El Salvador

El Salvador es uno de los países con mayor vulnerabilidad ante los efectos del cambio climático en América Central; es por esto que el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG) en colaboración con el Programa de Investigación de CGIAR en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS) en América Latina y con apoyo del Consejo Agropecuario Centroamericano (CAC) presentan el “Estado del Arte en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria en El Salvador”, así como el marco gubernamental y actores involucrados en torno a esta temática. En el documento se evidencia que a nivel nacional se realizan diferentes iniciativas para enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático en el sector agropecuario, que se han agravado debido al deterioro ambiental del territorio nacional, así como por la alta vulnerabilidad ante eventos climáticos extremos y el nivel de pobreza de las comunidades. Estas iniciativas promueven el desarrollo integral de los productores de cultivos de subsistencia y comerciales, mediante un abordaje transversal de los temas de cambio climático y seguridad alimentaria con la intervención de actores tanto del sector público como privado, y con un marco de políticas e instrumentos que fomentan las acciones colaborativas a nivel regional y nacional hacia el desarrollo sostenible. Sin embargo es necesario fomentar y fortalecer las investigaciones a nivel nacional, así como las capacidades de los productores para adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático

Efectos de la suplementación parenteral de cobre, zinc, selenio y manganeso sobre el desempeño reproductivo de las vacas Holstein

The objective of this investigation was to study the supplementation of injectable trace minerals (ITM), based on Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se on reproductive performance of dairy cows from Torreon, Mexico, a geographical region characterized by a semi-desertic climate. The study consisted of 2 field trials. Trial 1 compared the application of 2 doses of ITM during the dry period (at dry-off and at prepartum) (n= 75) with a control group (n=79). Trial 2 compared the application of 1 dose of ITM at 35 d postpartum (n=258) with a control group (n=258). In both trials, conception rate at first service (CRFS) and daysto conception were evaluated. In Trial 1, CRFS was not different between groups, but calving to conception interval tended to be shorter in 10 days in the treated than the control group (P=0.14). In trial 2, CRFS was not different between groups either, but time to pregnancy was significantly 14 days earlier than the control group (P ≤ 0.05). It is concluded that although CRFS was similar between groups, the application of an ITM reduced the time to pregnancy in treated than the control groups, which have a great impact on herd’s fertility and profit.El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la suplementación de oligoelementos inyectables (ITM), con base en Cu, Zn, Mn y Se sobre el desempeño reproductivo de vacas lecheras de Torreón, México, una región geográfica caracterizada por un clima semidesértico. El estudio consistió en 2 ensayos de campo. El ensayo 1 comparó la aplicación de 2 dosis de ITM durante el período seco (al secarse y antes del parto) (n = 75) con un grupo de control (n = 79). El ensayo 2 comparó la aplicación de 1 dosis de ITM a los 35 días después del parto (n = 258) con un grupo de control (n = 258). En ambos ensayos, se evaluaron la tasa de concepción en el primer servicio (CRFS) y los días hasta la concepción. En el Ensayo 1, el CRFS no fue diferente entre los grupos, pero el intervalo entre el parto y la concepción tendió a ser más corto en 10 días en el grupo tratado que en el grupo de control (P = 0,14). En el ensayo 2, la CRFS tampoco fue diferente entre los grupos, pero el tiempo a la preñez fue significativamente 14 días antes que en el grupo control (P ≤ 0,05). Se concluye que aunque la CRFS fue similar entre los grupos, la aplicación de un ITM redujo el tiempo a la gestación en los grupos tratados que en los de control, lo que tiene un gran impacto en la fertilidad y las ganancias del hato.en la fertilidad y las ganancias del hato

A new interpretation of total column BrO during Arctic spring

Emission of bromine from sea-salt aerosol, frost flowers, ice leads, and snow results in the nearly complete removal of surface ozone during Arctic spring. Regions of enhanced total column BrO observed by satellites have traditionally been associated with these emissions. However, airborne measurements of BrO and O3 within the convective boundary layer (CBL) during the ARCTAS and ARCPAC field campaigns at times bear little relation to enhanced column BrO. We show that the locations of numerous satellite BrO "hotspots" during Arctic spring are consistent with observations of total column ozone and tropopause height, suggesting a stratospheric origin to these regions of elevated BrO. Tropospheric enhancements of BrO large enough to affect the column abundance are also observed, with important contributions originating from above the CBL. Closure of the budget for total column BrO, albeit with significant uncertainty, is achieved by summing observed tropospheric partial columns with calculated stratospheric partial columns provided that natural, short-lived biogenic bromocarbons supply between 5 and 10 ppt of bromine to the Arctic lowermost stratosphere. Proper understanding of bromine and its effects on atmospheric composition requires accurate treatment of geographic variations in column BrO originating from both the stratosphere and troposphere. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union

Large, high quality single-crystals of the new Topological Kondo Insulator, SmB6

SmB6 has recently been predicted to be a Topological Kondo Insulator, the first strongly correlated heavy fermion material to exhibit topological surface states. High quality crystals are necessary to investigate the topological properties of this material. Single crystal growth of the rare earth hexaboride, SmB6, has been carried out by the floating zone technique using a high power xenon arc lamp image furnace. Large, high quality single-crystals are obtained by this technique. The crystals produced by the floating zone technique are free of contamination from flux materials and have been characterised by resistivity and magnetisation measurements. These crystals are ideally suited for the investigation of both the surface and bulk properties of SmB6

Explaining productivity in a poor productivity region

© 2017, © The Author(s) 2017. Productivity is the preferred measure of firm-level efficiency and perceived to reflect resource use rates. Semi-structured interviews with restaurant managers in a tourism-dominated low productivity rural area reveal that they are motivated to supply products that they believe in and to sustain a quality of life that meets their needs rather than striving to achieve higher productivity. Pricing strategies, managerial objectives and local market characteristics are found to radically influence the area’s productivity value. An area’s productivity value might not be an indicator of resource use rates or productive efficiency, and could instead reflect resident managers’ motivations towards money and the presence of opportunities to achieve scale economies

Target-Oriented Synthesis of Marine Coelenterazine Derivatives with Anticancer Activity by Applying the Heavy-Atom Effect

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer therapeutic modality with remarkable advantages over more conventional approaches. However, PDT is greatly limited by its dependence on external light sources. Given this, PDT would benefit from new systems capable of a light-free and intracellular photodynamic effect. Herein, we evaluated the heavy-atom effect as a strategy to provide anticancer activity to derivatives of coelenterazine, a chemiluminescent single-molecule widespread in marine organisms. Our results indicate that the use of the heavy-atom effect allows these molecules to generate readily available triplet states in a chemiluminescent reaction triggered by a cancer marker. Cytotoxicity assays in different cancer cell lines showed a heavy-atom-dependent anticancer activity, which increased in the substituent order of hydroxyl < chlorine < bromine. Furthermore, it was found that the magnitude of this anticancer activity is also dependent on the tumor type, being more relevant toward breast and prostate cancer. The compounds also showed moderate activity toward neuroblastoma, while showing limited activity toward colon cancer. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the application of the heavy-atom effect to marine coelenterazine could be a promising approach for the future development of new and optimized self-activating and tumor-selective sensitizers for light-free PDT