La paz de la mano de los derechos humanos

La primera etapa de la vida, la infancia, es un momento crucial para que los niños empiecen a establecer diferencias con sus compañeros, y comprendan que aunque todos viven en un mismo entorno, siempre existirán desemejanzas de muchas clases, sean estas raciales, religiosas, económicas o de cualquier otro tipo. Conociéndolas bien se promueve el respeto hacia las mismas y se fomenta una cultura de paz. Sabiendo esto los investigadores tomaron una población representativa de 18 estudiantes de tercer grado con edades que oscilan entre los ocho y diez años para el desarrollo de su proyecto. El proyecto que se presentará a continuación originado en la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia y que tiene de objetivo general ‘’Orientar la relación que tiene El Proceso de Paz y los Derechos Humanos a niños de tercero primaria del Colegio Integrado Nuevo Mundo de Floridablanca, Santander’’ informa los resultados obtenidos en la investigación de tipo cualitativa etnográfica y trabajo de campo realizado en la institución educativa mencionada, donde además de orientar a los niños de tercero primara mediante diferentes tipos de actividades, las relaciones de El Tratado de Paz y los DD.HH, se espera que su conocimiento ayude a forjar una mejor sociedad en el futuro próximo.The first stage of life, childhood, is a crucial moment for children to begin establishing differences with their peers, and understand that although all the people live in the same environment, there will always be dissimilarities of many kinds, racial ones, religious, economic or of any other type. Knowing those differences, it promotes respect for them and fosters a culture of peace. Knowing this, the researchers took a representative population of 18, third-grade students aged between eight and ten years for the development of their project. The project that will be presented below originated at ‘’Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia’’ and its general objective says "To orient the relationship between the Peace Process and Human Rights to third grade students of ‘’Colegio Integrado Nuevo Mundo Floridablanca, Santander" 'reports the results obtained in ethnographic qualitative research and also the fieldwork carried out in the aforementioned educational institution, in addition to guiding the children of third priority through different types of activities, the relations of the Colombian Treaty of Peace and DD. HH, and knowing this, it expects to help to forge a better society in the close future.Resumen. -- 1.1 Situación problema. -- 1.2 Problema de investigación. -- 1.3 Objetivo general. -- 1.4 Objetivos específicos. -- 1.5 Justificación. -- 2. Marco Teórico. -- 2.1 Estado de Arte. -- 2.1.1 Nivel Local. -- 2.1.2 Nivel Nacional. -- 2.1.3 Nivel Internacional. -- 2.2 Marco Histórico. -- 2.2.1 Derechos Humanos. -- 2.2.1.1 Línea del tiempo de los DD.HH. -- 2.2.1.2 Procesos de paz en el mundo. -- 2.2.1.3 Cronología de los tratados de paz en Colombia. -- 2.3 Marco Legal. -- 2.3.1 Tratado de Paz Gobierno Colombiano y Guerrilla de las FARC. -- 2.3.1.1 Decretos de los puntos correspondientes al Tratado de Paz. -- 2.3.2 ‘’Fast Track’’. -- 2.3.3 DD.HH. -- 2.3.4 Mecanismos de protección de los Derechos Humanos en Colombia. -- 2.3.4.1 El Habeas Corpus. -- 2.3.4.2 Habeas Data. -- 2.3.4.3 Derecho de petición. -- 2.3.4.4 La acción de tutela. -- 2.3.4.5 Acción de cumplimiento. -- 2.3.4.6 Acción popular. -- 2.4. Marco Conceptual. -- 2.4.1 Punto 1 del tratado de paz: Reforma rural integral. -- 2.4.2 Punto 2 del Tratado de Paz: Participación política. -- 2.4.3 Punto 3 del Tratado de Paz: Fin del Conflicto. -- 2.4.4 Punto 4 del Tratado de Paz: Solución al Problema de las Drogas Ilícitas. -- 2.4.5 Punto 5 del Tratado de Paz: Reparación de víctimas: sistema integral de verdad, justicia, reparación y no repetición. -- 2.4.6 Punto 6 del Tratado de Paz: implementación, verificación y refrendación. -- 2.4.7 Contextualización de los DD.HH en Colombia. -- 2.5. Marco Contextual. -- 2.6 Importancia del proyecto en la Institución. -- 3.0 Metodología. -- 3.1 Tipo de Investigación. -- 3.2 Población y muestra. -- 3.3 Instrumentos de Investigación. -- 4. Análisis de resultados. -- 4.1Tabulación prueba diagnóstica. -- 4.2 Primera sesión: Punto 1 tratado de paz “Reforma rural integral”. -- 4.3 Segunda sesión: Punto 2 ‘’Participación Política’’. -- 4.4 Tercera sesión: Punto 3 ‘’Fin Del Conflicto”. -- 4.5 Tercera sesión: Punto 4 ‘’Solución al problema de las droga ilícitas’’. -- 4.6. Taller 5: Reparación de victimas. -- 4.7 Taller 6: Implementación, verificación y refrendación. -- 5. Conclusiones. -- 6. Propuesta. -- 6.1 Cartilla La paz de la mano de los Derechos Humanos. -- 6.1.2 Objetivos de La Paz de la Mano de los DD.HH. -- 6.1.3 Estructuración de la cartilla. -- 6.1.3.1 Prueba diagnostica. -- 6.1.3.2 Sesión 2. -- 6.1.3.3 Sesión 3. -- 6.1.3.4 Sesión 4. -- 6.1.3.5 Sesión 5. -- 6.1.3.6 Sesión 6. – Bibliografía

REE geochemistry of neogene–holocene sediments of La Fontanilla Cove (Tinto Estuary, SW Spain)

The Tinto and Odiel rivers (SW Spain) drain from a vast sulfide mining district and join at a 20-km-long estuary that enters the Atlantic Ocean. In this work, the contents of rare earth elements (REE) and fractionation in Neogene–Holocene sediment cores from La Fontanilla cove (Tinto estuary) were studied. The sediments were collected from a depth of 18 m at different distances from the recent river flow and were analyzed for new information on the temporal development of the REE load in the sediment column. Results show that the ∑ REE is higher in the finer sediments and during periods of mining activity from prehistoric to recent times. Marine influence appears to increase the light REE (LREE) relative to the heavy REE (HREE). The REE patterns of these estuarine sediments show convex curvatures in the MREE relative to the LREE and HREE, indicating the presence of acid-mixing processes between the fluvial waters affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) and seawater, as well as the precipitation of poorly crystalline mineral phases. Significant positive Eu anomalies were found in ebb-tide channels and marsh deposits, which can reflect the mineralogical composition and/or a strong localized salinity gradient combined with organic matter degradation. Sedimentological characteristics of the deposits appear to play the main role in accumulation and fractionation of the RE

The structural role of SARS-CoV-2 genetic background in the emergence and success of spike mutations: The case of the spike A222V mutation

The S:A222V point mutation, within the G clade, was characteristic of the 20E (EU1) SARS-CoV-2 variant identified in Spain in early summer 2020. This mutation has since reappeared in the Delta subvariant AY.4.2, raising questions about its specific effect on viral infection. We report combined serological, functional, structural and computational studies characterizing the impact of this mutation. Our results reveal that S:A222V promotes an increased RBD opening and slightly increases ACE2 binding as compared to the parent S:D614G clade. Finally, S:A222V does not reduce sera neutralization capacity, suggesting it does not affect vaccine effectiveness

Aprendizaje flexible y personalizado para atender la diversidad en el aula, mediante la gamificación, a través del uso integrado de un sistema virtual de respuesta en el aula para dispositivos móviles con acceso a internet y una aplicación de screencasting

Sección Deptal. de Farmacología y Toxicología (Veterinaria)Fac. de VeterinariaFALSEsubmitte

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Mutations, Genes, and Phenotypes Related to Movement Disorders and Ataxias

26 páginas, 4 figuras, 3 tablasOur clinical series comprises 124 patients with movement disorders (MDs) and/or ataxia with cerebellar atrophy (CA), many of them showing signs of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Ten NBIA genes are accepted, although isolated cases compatible with abnormal brain iron deposits are known. The patients were evaluated using standardised clinical assessments of ataxia and MDs. First, NBIA genes were analysed by Sanger sequencing and 59 patients achieved a diagnosis, including the detection of the founder mutation PANK2 p.T528M in Romani people. Then, we used a custom panel MovDisord and/or exome sequencing; 29 cases were solved with a great genetic heterogeneity (34 different mutations in 23 genes). Three patients presented brain iron deposits with Fe-sensitive MRI sequences and mutations in FBXO7, GLB1, and KIF1A, suggesting an NBIA-like phenotype. Eleven patients showed very early-onset ataxia and CA with cortical hyperintensities caused by mutations in ITPR1, KIF1A, SPTBN2, PLA2G6, PMPCA, and PRDX3. The novel variants were investigated by structural modelling, luciferase analysis, transcript/minigenes studies, or immunofluorescence assays. Our findings expand the phenotypes and the genetics of MDs and ataxias with early-onset CA and cortical hyperintensities and highlight that the abnormal brain iron accumulation or early cerebellar gliosis may resembling an NBIA phenotype.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)—Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación within the framework of the National R + D+I Plan co-funded with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) [Grants PI18/00147 and PI21/00103 to CE]; the Fundació La Marató TV3 [Grants 20143130 and 20143131 to BPD and CE]; and by the Generalitat Valenciana [Grant PROMETEO/2018/135 to CE]. Part of the equipment employed in this work was funded by Generalitat Valenciana and co-financed with ERDF (OP ERDF of Comunitat Valenciana 2014–2020). PS had an FPU-PhD fellowship funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [FPU15/00964]. IH has a PFIS-PhD fellowship [FI19/00072]. ASM has a contract funded by the Spanish Foundation Per Amor a l’Art (FPAA)Peer reviewe

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation