Euskarazko artikuluaren sintaxiaz

This work tries to identify th specific semantic contribution and syntactic position of the article in Basque. The analysis centers on absolutive marked Determiner Phrases.Lan honetan euskal artikuluaren balio espezifikoa aztertzen da, determinatzaile sintagmak betetzen duen lekuan, duen funtzioan eta aurkezten duen hitz hurrenkeran oinarrituz, eta analisia, beti ere, absolutiboz markaturik agertzen diren sintagmetara mugatuaz

Euskarazko artikuluaren sintaxiaz

This work tries to identify th specific semantic contribution and syntactic position of the article in Basque. The analysis centers on absolutive marked Determiner Phrases.Lan honetan euskal artikuluaren balio espezifikoa aztertzen da, determinatzaile sintagmak betetzen duen lekuan, duen funtzioan eta aurkezten duen hitz hurrenkeran oinarrituz, eta analisia, beti ere, absolutiboz markaturik agertzen diren sintagmetara mugatuaz

Evaluation of Dietary Phytochemicals as Rumen Modifiers in Lactating Dairy Cows

Phytochemicals such as tannins included in dairy cow nutritional programs, as a natural feed additive, promise to improve rumen bypass protein and consequently reduce the feeding cost by decreasing the amount of CP needed in the ration. Additionally, if tannins are fed along with high quality protein sources, this could improve the AA profile reaching the small intestine and potentially improving health and performance of dairy cows. The black pepper, specifically its alkaloid piperine, is a nontoxic, natural dietary compound with a broad range of physiological activity. Lactating dairy cows ingesting these phytochemicals (tannin extracts and black pepper) will potentially benefit by increasing feed efficiency, protein reaching the duodenum, oxidative stress, and immunity. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of phytochemicals in the ration of lactating dairy cows by assessing feed intake and efficiency, rumen fermentation, milk yield and composition, and blood metabolites and biomarkers. We hypothesized that diets containing phytochemicals would increase milk and component yields, benefit rumen fermentation, and improve feed efficiency and nutrient utilization as well as prevent oxidative stress. Sixteen Holstein cows (14 multiparous and 2 primiparous; DIM =114 ± 20) were used in a crossover design experiment with an adaptation period. Cows were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence according to DIM, lactation number, prior milk yield averages, and body weight. Treatments included: 1) basal diet with soybean meal pellets at 3.37% of DM (CON), 2) basal diet with soybean meal pellets fed at 3.37% of DM containing phytochemicals at 4.4% concentration (TRT). The experiment lasted a total of 56 d and consisted of a 14-d adaptation (covariate) period and two 21-d treatment periods. All milk weights were recorded daily, and milk samples were collected during the last 3 d of each period in both milkings. Rumen fluid, body condition scores (BCS), and body weights were collected on day 19 and 20 of each period. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein on d 13 and 20 during the adaptation and treatment periods, respectively. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS. Dry matter intake was similar among treatments. Milk yield as well as fat and protein yield decreased in TRT cows in comparison to CON. Propionate proportion in VFA was lower in TRT cows. Greater apparent total-tract digestibility was observed in DM, OM, and CP when feeding TRT diets. Similarly, glucose concentrations were lower in TRT cows in comparison to CON. Albumin and the antioxidant activity measured by SOD was increased in TRT cows. The concomitant decrease in propionate proportion and blood glucose could partially explain the decrease in milk yield in TRT cows. Although the effects observed in VFA proportions and apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients are indicatives that these phytochemicals act as rumen modifiers, further research is needed to optimize their dosage for an effective response in the rumen

Untersuchungen zur Ozonolyse einfacher Alkene in der Atmosphären-Simulationskammer SAPHIR

The ozonolysis, that is, the oxidation with O$_{3}$, is one of the most important removal pathways for alkenes in the troposphere. The ozonolysis competes with the removal of alkenes through the reaction with OH-radicals during the day and through the reaction with NO$_{3}$ during the night. The mechanism of the gas-phase ozonolysis is as yet not fully understood. It is suspected that during ozonolysis beside different stable products OH and HO$_{2}$ radicals are also formed, which play an important role in the tropospheric chemistry. The scope of this work was to find an answer to this and other questions related to the ozonolysis and to discuss their relevance within the tropospheric chemistry. Short chained alkenes (C$_{n}$ with n < 5) are the main components of the total alkenes in urban regions. Past investigations were carried out with reactant concentrations within the ppmv range. These values are clearly much higher than the concentrations found in the troposphere. The question arises wether the observations at high concentrations would apply to the lower tropospheric ppbv range. Within the scope of this work the ozonolysis of C$_{2}$ to C$_{4}$ alkenes with reactant concentrations between 20 ppbv and 200 ppbv were investigated. The atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR in the Research Center in Jülich, Germany, was used for this purpose. Experiments with CO as radical scavenger were carried out to determine the rate constants of the ozonolysis of the investigated alkenes. The results fell within the range presented in the literatur. The time profile of the ozonolysis reactions were in excellent agreement with the expected kinetics, which cancels the likelihood of any interfering chemical processes. The yields for OH and HO$_{2}$ radicals of the investigated alkenes was determined. The yield of OH obtained illustrated a water dependence not previously mentioned in literatur. This work produced also the first determinations for the HO$_{2}$ yields, which exceeded a value of 1.0 for the most alkenes, contradicting an assumed value of 0.2 used in models. In addition the yields of stable products such as HCHO, CH$_{3}$CHO and CO were also determined. With Z-2-Buten a water dependence of the CH$_{3}$CHO yield was also found. For some alkenes the obtained yields of HCHO and CH$_{3}$CHO were greater than found in previous experimental determinations. This clearly points to additional unidentified reactions pathways leading to HCHO and CH$_{3}$CHO. What was also proven was a CO dependence of the yields of HO$_{2}$ and CH$_{3}$CHO. In order to explain the former observations the standard mechanism of the ozonolysis was modified. This modification takes into consideration the competition between the unimolecular decomposition of two different Criegee Intermediates and their bimolecular reaction with either water or CO. The water dependence of the OH yield would lead to a lower OH concentration at night in dry regions as compared to humid regions and consequently to a lower overall removal of hydrocarbons. The importance of the higher yields for HO$_{2}$ radicals was investigated using a box model. The simulation showed for the first time that higher HO$_{2}$ yields lead to higher HO$_{2}$ concentrations at night. The recombination of the HO$_{2}$ radicals and/or reactions with other peroxiradicals thus result in higher H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ concentrations as well as higher concentrations of organic peroxides than expected

La Influencia de la Motivación Laboral en los trabajadores de la delegación del Ministerio de Economía Familiar Cooperativa, Comunitaria y Asociativa (MEFCCA) departamento Matagalpa, año 2013

La Motivación es un término genérico que se aplica a una amplia serie de impulsos, deseos y necesidades, anhelos y fuerzas similares (Koontz, Weihrich, Cannice, 2004). En la presente investigación se analizaron aspectos relevantes sobre la Motivación Laboral, las Técnicas Motivacionales y Factores que influyen en la aplicación de esta, en la cual se trata de identificar cuáles de las Técnicas Motivacionales son aplicadas a los trabajadores del MEFCCA. El propósito del presente estudio es analizar la influencia de la motivación laboral, para lo que se diseñó y aplico dos tipos de instrumentos (encuesta y entrevista) se tomó una muestra de 30 personas, que corresponden a 24 subordinados a los que se les aplico encuestas y 6 jefes de área que fueron entrevistados, con el fin de obtener información de cómo influye la Motivación Laboral en los trabajadores. En base a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio realizado se pudo determinar que la institución no aplica la Técnica Motivacional de Dinero, porque no se destinan Bonos, Comisiones, Incentivos, como técnica de motivación, cabe señalar que otra técnica no aplicada es Calidad de Vida Laboral (CVL); sin embargo son aplicadas las técnicas de Participación, y Enriquecimiento del Puesto, esta última a través de capacitaciones recibidas dentro de la misma institución. Al aplicar correctamente las Técnicas de Motivación Laboral a los trabajadores, la institución contará con personal capacitado, eficiente y productivo con lo que se logrará alcanzar las metas, y objetivos específicos establecido

The Effect of Income on Demand for Micronutrients in Poor Rural Mexico

We estimate income elasticities for a variety of macro- and micro-nutrients using a sample of poor rural households in Mexico. The nutrient-income elasticity is estimated using a linear regression model controlling both for the clustered nature of our data and for the bias due to measurement error in nutrient consumption at the household level. Our preferred estimates (instrumental variable-fixed effect specification for the sample of all households) show a sizeable positive elasticity for some nutrients (especially vitamin A 0.8, vitamin C 0.69 and calcium 0.45). For other nutrients the effect of income on the consumption is still significant but very small (elasticity for fiber is only 0.09 and for iron 0.08). We also test for the robustness of our estimates using a semi-parametric estimator (partially linear model) and whether the presence of zero consumption for specific micronutrients in our sample, such as cholesterol and heme iron, can be a source of bias for our estimates.vitamin A , vitamin C; folate; iron; zinc; calcium; calories; protein; fat; carbohydrates; Income elasticity; partially linear model.

Tombs, teeth and culture: 2,500 years of microevolution and the origins of the prehispanic societies in the Calima archaeological region of Colombia, South America

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es el de contribuir a la discusión sobre el origen de las sociedades prehispánicas formativas y tardías de la región arqueológica Calima de Colombia. Los restos dentales examinados en esta investigación pertenecen a 114 individuos distribuidos en siete cementerios ubicados en la región arqueológica Calima. Se observaron 15 rasgos no métricos dentales aplicando el método de ASUDAS (Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System). Se aplicó la Medida Media de Divergencia MMD en las comparaciones entre pares de muestras colombianas de los periodos Formativo y Tardío de la región arqueológica. El análisis de coordenadas principales realizado muestra dos grupos. La sociedad tardía Sonso expone diferencias significativas con relación a Ilama. El origen Ilama se explica como resultado de migraciones desde el noroccidente del país durante el periodo Formativo temprano (6000 ? 4000 AP), mientras que el origen Sonsoide proviene del sur del país durante épocas Formativas tardías (2000 ? 1500 AP).umen El objetivo principal de esta investigación es el de contribuir a la discusión sobre el origen de las sociedades prehispánicas formativas y tardías de la región arqueológica Calima de Colombia. Los restos dentales examinados en esta investigación pertenecen a 114 individuos distribuidos en siete cementerios ubicados en la región arqueológica Calima. Se observaron 15 rasgos no métricos dentales aplicando el método de ASUDAS (Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System). Se aplicó la Medida Media de Divergencia MMD en las comparaciones entre pares de muestras colombianas de los periodos Formativo y Tardío de la región arqueológica. El análisis de coordenadas principales realizado muestra dos grupos. La sociedad tardía Sonso expone diferencias significativas con relación a Ilama. El origen Ilama se explica como resultado de migraciones desde el noroccidente del país durante el periodo Formativo temprano (6000 – 4000 AP), mientras que el origen Sonsoide proviene del sur del país durante épocas Formativas tardías (2000 – 1500 AP)Fil: Rodriguez Florez, Carlos David. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales; Argentina;Fil: Colantonio, Sonia Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudio sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina

Resting time after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in THP-1 derived macrophages provides a non-biased model for the study of NLRP3 inflammasome

Background: The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages has been proven to play a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. THP-1 monocytes can be differentiated to macrophages by incubation with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), providing a suitable model for in vitro studies. However, PMA has been shown to have effects on the levels of IL-1 beta, the main mediator of NLRP3 inflammasome, while the effects on the other mediators of the inflammasome have not been reported before. Methods: THP-1 monocytes were incubated without (THP-1), with 5ng/ml PMA for 48h (PMA48h) or with 5ng/ml PMA for 48h plus 24h in fresh medium (PMArest). Morphological changes and the expression of macrophage surface markers (CD14, CD11b, CD36 and CD204) were evaluated by flow cytometry. Changes in intracellular levels of inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, pro-IL1 beta) were analyzed by western blot and release of mature IL-1 beta in cell supernatant was analyzed by ELISA. ASC speck formation was determined by immunofluorescence. Results: After 48h incubation with PMA or subsequent rest in fresh medium, cells became adherent, and the differential expression of CD36, CD11b, CD14 and CD204 compared to THP-1 cells confirmed that PMArest resemble macrophages from a molecular point of view. Changes in the levels were detected in PMA48h group for all the NLRP3-related proteins, with increase of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1 beta and secretion of mature IL-1 beta. In PMArest, no pro-IL-1 beta and lower amounts of mature IL-1 beta were detected. No ASC speck was found in PMA treated groups, but the addition of a second stimulus to PMArest resulted in ASC speck formation, together with IL-1 beta production, confirming the responsiveness of the model. Conclusion: Differentiation of THP-1 with 5ng/ml PMA followed by 24h resting period provides a model that morphologically and molecularly resembles macrophages. However, even at low concentrations, PMA induces production of IL-1 beta. The 24h rest period provides for down-regulation of pro-IL-1 beta in PMArest group, without affecting its ability to respond to a second stimulus through activation of inflammasome

Experimental study on location tracking of construction resources using UWB for better productivity and safety

There is a growing demand for accurate and up-to-date information in the construction industry. Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Real-Time Location Systems (RTLSs) enable tracking and visualization of resources on site and give more awareness to the construction staff in near real time. This research investigates how UWB technology can improve productivity and safety in construction projects. The requirements of the RTLSs are identified in terms of safety and productivity management. The usability of RTLSs in the construction industry is tested by the collection of data from a construction site and organizing them into useful information needed for management. It was found that UWB is an effective tool to monitor construction resources because it provides accurate information in near real time. However, good understanding of the requirements and filtering the data are necessary in order to get the best benefit of the technology for productivity and safety purposes