Demetrio Ribeiro e o realismo socialista : arquitetura e política em Porto Alegre nos anos 1950

O realismo socialista, de certa forma, foi um freio na vertente artística de sua geração [...]”(MARQUES, 2012, p.138). O arquiteto Cláudio Luís Go mes Araújo disse a frase anterior em uma conversa com o pesquisador Sergio Marques em 2008. Para entender seu significado, no contexto de Porto Alegre, capital do estado mais ao sul do Brasil, na década de 1950, precisamos investigar um personagem com influência no campo da arquitetura local, Demetrio Ribeiro: arquiteto premiado em concurso em 1950, professor paraninfo em 1951 e 1952, diretor do Instituto dos Arquitetos do Brasil (Departamento do Rio Grande do Sul) em 1948, fi liado ao Partido Comunista Brasileiro. Seus artigos “Sobre Arquitetura Brasileira”, publicados no ano de 1951 na Revista Horizonte, evidenciam sua atuação sob a influência ideológica e estético-cultural do Partido Comunista Soviético. As orientações direcionadas ao campo artístico e arquitetônico advindas de Moscou e disseminadas pelo mundo atra vés da rede dos partidos comunistas, receberam a alcunha de realismo socialista, o qual teve seu auge no Brasil no ano de 1950. Referindo-se à ideia expressa na frase inicial deste resumo, fica claro que frear a tendência artística de uma geração não é pouco. Esta tese busca, por tanto, trazer luz a esses episódios arquitetônico-políticos do início dos anos 50 em Porto Alegre, com foco no arquiteto Demetrio Ribeiro e sua conexão com o realismo socialista. A investigação da obra de Ribeiro, inspirada na ideologia comunista, revela as complexidades do contex to teórico e prático da primeira fase da arquitetura moderna em Porto Alegre. Esta foi a época em que a geração de Cláudio Araújo arriscava os primeiros exemplares modernos de “arquitetura brasileira”, expressão que qualificou certas manifestações pertencentes à “escola carioca” ou seus cânones, em um tecido urbano ainda conservador.Socialist realism was a brake on the artistic trend of its generation [...]”(MARQUES, 2012, p.138). Architect Cláudio Luís Gomes Araújo stated the previous sentence in a conversation with researcher Sergio Marques in 2008. To understand its meaning, in the context of Porto Alegre, Bra zil’s southernmost state capital, in the 1950s, we need to investigate the architect Demetrio Ribeiro, who had significant influence in the field of local architecture. The architect gained recognition for his contribution as a professor at the School of Architecture at UFRGS, his directorship of the regional branch of the Institute of Architects of Brazil, and achie vements in winning competitions. In addition, he was affiliated to the Brazilian Communist Party. In his articles, particularly “Sobre Arquitetu ra Brasileira” (On Brazilian Architecture) published in 1951 in Horizonte magazine, the influence of the ideological and aesthetic-cultural tenets propagated by the Soviet Communist Party on his work is evidenced. The principles directed towards the artistic and architectural fields, for mulated in Moscow and disseminated worldwide through the commu nist party networks, is known as socialist realism, and this movement reached its apogee in Brazil during the year 1950. Referring back to the idea expressed in the opening sentence of this abstract, it is clear that halting the artistic trend of a generation is no small feat. Therefore, this doctoral thesis seeks to shed light on the architectural-political events of early 1950s Porto Alegre, with a focus on the architect Demetrio Ribei ro and his connection to socialist realism. The investigation into Ribero’s work, inspired by communist ideology, reveals the complexities of the theoretical and practical context of the first phase of modern archi tecture in Porto Alegre. This was a time when the generation of Claudio Araújo was designing the first modern examples of "Brazilian architecture". This expression qualified certain manifestations belonging to the “escola carioca” (Rio school) or its canons, in an urban fabric that was still conservative

Estrategias para el Desarrollo del Cluster de Enseñanza de Español en Salamanca

El presente trabajo consiste en un esfuerzo tanto teórico como empírico en conceptualizar y tipificar la localización productiva y sus relaciones con el poder público, utilizando el caso específico de la Enseñanza de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE) en Salamanca como material de análisis. Al investigar la oferta de servicios y las redes de relación entre empresa y demás proveedores, se delimita el ambiente de análisis de lo que la literatura conoce como clusters. En ese mismo contexto, las políticas públicas destinadas a su incentivo tanto en la región como en otras de España han sido comparadas, con el objetivo de vislumbrar caminos y alternativas para el sector. Los resultados apuntan un grado de desarrollo todavía incipiente y la ausencia de políticas destinadas específicamente a la mejoría y crecimiento de la ELE en Salamanca. Abstract The paper makes a theoric and empirical effort in conceptualizing and categorizing the productive location and its relation with the public sector. It analyses the specific case of teaching Spanish as a second language (ELE). The research of the services offered and the nets between business and suppliers, defines the analysis environment of what is known by the literature as clusters. In that same context, the text compares the public policies directed to stimulate it both within the region and in other areas of Spain, aiming to clarify ways and alternatives for the sector. The results suggest as still incipient level of development and the lack of policies specifically directed to improve and increase the ELE in Salamanca.Localización productiva, Poder público, Enseñanza de Español como Lengua Extranjera, Clusters

A revision of the X-ray absorption nature of BALQSOs

Aims. Broad absorption-line quasars (BALQSOs) are key objects for studying the structure and emission/absorption properties of AGN. However, despite their fundamental importance, the properties of BALQSOs remain poorly understood. To investigate the X-ray nature of these sources, as well as the correlations between X-ray and rest-frame UV properties, we compile a large sample of BALQSOs observed by XMM-Newton. Methods. We collect information for 88 sources from the literature and existing catalogues, creating the largest BALQSO sample analysed optically and in X-ray to date. We performed a full X-ray spectral analysis (using unabsorbed and both neutral and ionized absorption models) on a sample of 39 sources with higher X-ray spectral quality, and an approximate hardness-ratio analysis on the remaining sources. Using available optical spectra, we calculate the BALnicity index and investigate the dependence of this optical parameter on different X-ray properties. Results. Using the neutral absorption model, we find that 36% of our BALQSOs have NnH < 5 × 1021 cm−2, lower than the expected X-ray absorption for these objects. However, when we used a physically-motivated model for the X-ray absorption in BALQSOs, i.e., ionized absorption, ∼90% of the objects are absorbed. The observed difference in ionized properties of sources with the BALnicity index (BI) =0 and BI > 0 might be explained by different physical conditions of the outflow and/or inclination effects. The absorption properties also suggest that LoBALs may be physically different objects from HiBALs. In addition, we report on a correlation between the ionized absorption column density and BAL parameters. There is evidence (at the 98% level) that the amount of X-ray absorption is correlated with the strength of high-ionization UV absorption. Not previously reported, this correlation can be naturally understood in virtually all BALQSO models, as being driven by the total amount of gas mass flowing towards the observer. We also find a hint of a correlation between the BI and the ionization level detected in X-rays.We thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments. The first author would like to thank the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación for a Juan de la Cierva contract. XB, FJC and RGM acknowledge financial support by the Spanish MICINN under project ESP2006-13608-C02-01.We also acknowledge the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (http://www.sdss.org/). Funding for the SDSS has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England

Salivary immunity and lower respiratory tract infections in non-elite marathon runners

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Antimicrobial peptides, disease severity and exacerbations in bronchiectasis

Rationale: Recently a frequent exacerbator phenotype has been described in bronchiectasis, but the underlying biological mechanisms are unknown. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important in host defence against microbes but can be proinflammatory in chronic lung disease. Objectives: To determine pulmonary and systemic levels of AMP and their relationship with disease severity and future risk of exacerbations in bronchiectasis. Methods: A total of 135 adults with bronchiectasis were prospectively enrolled at three European centres. Levels of cathelicidin LL-37, lactoferrin, lysozyme and secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in serum and sputum were determined at baseline by ELISA. Patients were followed up for 12 months. We examined the ability of sputum AMP to predict future exacerbation risk. Measurements and main results: AMP levels were higher in sputum than in serum, suggesting local AMP release. Patients with more severe disease at baseline had dysregulation of airway AMP. Higher LL-37 and lower SLPI levels were associated with Bronchiectasis Severity Index, lower FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Low SLPI levels were also associated with the exacerbation frequency at baseline. During follow-up, higher LL-37 and lower SLPI levels were associated with a shorter time to the next exacerbation, whereas LL-37 alone predicted exacerbation frequency over the next 12 months. Conclusions: Patients with bronchiectasis showed dysregulated sputum AMP levels, characterised by elevated LL-37 and reduced SLPI levels in the frequent exacerbator phenotype. Elevated LL-37 and reduced SLPI levels are associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and can predict future risk of exacerbations in bronchiectasis

Burden and risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia:a Multinational Point Prevalence Study of Hospitalised Patients

Pseudornonas aeruginosa is a challenging bacterium to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to the antibiotics used most frequently in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Data about the global burden and risk factors associated with P. aeruginosa-CAP are limited. We assessed the multinational burden and specific risk factors associated with P. aeruginosa-CAP. We enrolled 3193 patients in 54 countries with confirmed diagnosis of CAP who underwent microbiological testing at admission. Prevalence was calculated according to the identification of P. aeruginosa. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa-CAP. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa and antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa-CAP was 4.2% and 2.0%, respectively. The rate of P. aeruginosa CAP in patients with prior infection/colonisation due to P. aeruginosa and at least one of the three independently associated chronic lung diseases (i.e. tracheostomy, bronchiectasis and/or very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) was 67%. In contrast, the rate of P. aeruginosa-CAP was 2% in patients without prior P. aeruginosa infection/colonisation and none of the selected chronic lung diseases. The multinational prevalence of P. aeruginosa-CAP is low. The risk factors identified in this study may guide healthcare professionals in deciding empirical antibiotic coverage for CAP patients

Atypical pathogens in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A worldwide perspective

Background: Empirical antibiotic coverage for atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has long been debated, mainly because of a lack of epidemiological data. We aimed to assess both testing for atypical pathogens and their prevalence in hospitalized patients with CAP worldwide, especially in relation with disease severity. Methods: A secondary analysis of the GLIMP database, an international, multicentre, point-prevalence study of adult patients admitted for CAP in 222 hospitals across 6 continents in 2015, was performed. The study evaluated frequency of testing for atypical pathogens, including L. pneumophila, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and their prevalence. Risk factors for testing and prevalence for atypical pathogens were assessed through univariate analysis. Results: Among 3702 CAP patients 1250 (33.8%) underwent at least one test for atypical pathogens. Testing varies greatly among countries and its frequency was higher in Europe than elsewhere (46.0% vs. 12.7%, respectively, p &lt; 0.0001). Detection of L. pneumophila urinary antigen was the most common test performed worldwide (32.0%). Patients with severe CAP were less likely to be tested for both atypical pathogens considered together (30.5% vs. 35.0%, p = 0.009) and specifically for legionellosis (28.3% vs. 33.5%, p = 0.003) than the rest of the population. Similarly, L. pneumophila testing was lower in ICU patients. At least one atypical pathogen was isolated in 62 patients (4.7%), including M. pneumoniae (26/251 patients, 10.3%), L. pneumophila (30/1186 patients, 2.5%), and C. pneumoniae (8/228 patients, 3.5%). Patients with CAP due to atypical pathogens were significantly younger, showed less cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic comorbidities in comparison to adult patients hospitalized due to non-atypical pathogen CAP. Conclusions: Testing for atypical pathogens in patients admitted for CAP in poorly standardized in real life and does not mirror atypical prevalence in different settings. Further evidence on the impact of atypical pathogens, expecially in the low-income countries, is needed to guidelines implementation