Talking about Race in Puerto Rico: Four Descendants of the Transatlantic African Diaspora Share their Experiences

Puerto Ricans are racially characterized by a mix of three races (Spaniard, Taíno, and African). In fact, this statement dominates any other version of the Puerto Rican racial identity, which has limited the discussions about racial issues such as blanqueamiento and racism. In an effort to better understand racial dynamics and the Puerto Rican’s perception of race, four descendants of the African Diaspora engaged in a self-reflective process using a roundtable approach to analyze their experiences in Puerto Rico. The roundtable approach is based in an ethnographic method of the qualitative approach. Each individual journaled each moment from their own perspective, then as a group they came together to discuss the themes, experiences, and impressions of the journey. They did this by attending the Latin American Studies Association Conference that was held in San Juan in 2015.  While visiting the conference, the attending researchers made efforts to learn as much as they could through experiences such as visiting historical sites and engaging with residents. The investigators discussed the themes they observed in Puerto Rico that related to the overarching question, “What does Blackness mean in Puerto Rico?” and the impact of this meaning on the well-being of Black Puerto-Ricans.  These roundtable discussions took place over a year with multiple 2-3 hour meetings. In discussing the themes, the researchers created a space where each author had an equal voice and expertise. This roundtable process not only expanded the authors’ understanding of how Blackness is understood in the diaspora, but also their very own personal understanding of Blackness. The findings from each author were compared to develop a broader and deeper understanding of how each viewed the research questions.  If the themes from the different authors arrived at the same resolution, then their confidence in the themes was strengthened. This process resulted in the team identifying four major themes; the romanticization of belonging to the three races, psychological sense of belonging and resiliencies, tension points in Loíza: resiliency, resistance and social exclusion and the rehabilitation of each individual’s cultural identity as descendants of the Transatlantic African Diaspora. Each individual reproduced their own experiences in this process into these four themes. In regards to the romanticization of belonging to the three races, one member wrote   On my way home I couldn’t believe the day we had. I saw discrimination and racism with my own eyes.  I saw it here in a place I always believed was filled with no racism. In a place, I consider was innocent to color differences and that respected and valued the power of differences. I discover that as Puerto-Ricans we are so used to the fantasy of diversity that we do not see that, for some, diversity is unrealistic; especially when you can’t even acknowledge the basic rights of others.   Using their individual reflections as data, the four researchers were able to identify the resiliency factors that have helped to strengthen their and others’ racial identity. In this process, the researchers were able to have a deeper understanding of their African ancestry and develop a more inclusive Puerto Rican identity.  This process included the researchers examining ways that anti-blackness and colorism are displayed in the Puerto Rican culture, and also detecting areas of racial justice and resiliency throughout their community. The ultimate goal is to determine how transgenerational transmission of resiliency could better inform interventions and strategies targeting racial adversities for all descendants of the Transatlantic African Diaspora while considering its impact on cultural identity development and formation. Collectively, as a result of this project, there is a higher sense of connectedness to African roots.  In team discussions, it was found that a limitation of this paper is not having a person who identifies as Black Puerto-Rican as an author and how this would have added greatly to the roundtable discussions and findings. The authors recognize that there may be tension points that exist for Puerto-Ricans to fully accept their African heritage. The objective of this paper is to start a dialogue to open up spaces and opportunities to engage in this difficult conversation. It is the authors’ hope that this paper can spark conversations and strategies to address the historical and contemporary impact of how Blackness is socially constructed in Puerto Rican Society.  Finally, it is with hopes that this can connect the experiences of Black Puerto Ricans’ historical/contemporary resiliencies to the larger knowledge base of strategies that can help address racial adversities of all people from the Transatlantic African Diaspora

Talking about Race in Puerto Rico: Four Descendants of the Transatlantic African Diaspora Share their Experiences

Puerto Ricans are racially characterized by a mix of three races (Spaniard, Taíno, and African). In fact, this statement dominates any other version of the Puerto Rican racial identity, which has limited the discussions about racial issues such as blanqueamiento and racism. In an effort to better understand racial dynamics and the Puerto Rican’s perception of race, four descendants of the African Diaspora engaged in a self-reflective process using a roundtable approach to analyze their experiences in Puerto Rico. The roundtable approach is based in an ethnographic method of the qualitative approach. Each individual journaled each moment from their own perspective, then as a group they came together to discuss the themes, experiences, and impressions of the journey. They did this by attending the Latin American Studies Association Conference that was held in San Juan in 2015.  While visiting the conference, the attending researchers made efforts to learn as much as they could through experiences such as visiting historical sites and engaging with residents. The investigators discussed the themes they observed in Puerto Rico that related to the overarching question, “What does Blackness mean in Puerto Rico?” and the impact of this meaning on the well-being of Black Puerto-Ricans.  These roundtable discussions took place over a year with multiple 2-3 hour meetings. In discussing the themes, the researchers created a space where each author had an equal voice and expertise. This roundtable process not only expanded the authors’ understanding of how Blackness is understood in the diaspora, but also their very own personal understanding of Blackness. The findings from each author were compared to develop a broader and deeper understanding of how each viewed the research questions.  If the themes from the different authors arrived at the same resolution, then their confidence in the themes was strengthened. This process resulted in the team identifying four major themes; the romanticization of belonging to the three races, psychological sense of belonging and resiliencies, tension points in Loíza: resiliency, resistance and social exclusion and the rehabilitation of each individual’s cultural identity as descendants of the Transatlantic African Diaspora. Each individual reproduced their own experiences in this process into these four themes. In regards to the romanticization of belonging to the three races, one member wrote   On my way home I couldn’t believe the day we had. I saw discrimination and racism with my own eyes.  I saw it here in a place I always believed was filled with no racism. In a place, I consider was innocent to color differences and that respected and valued the power of differences. I discover that as Puerto-Ricans we are so used to the fantasy of diversity that we do not see that, for some, diversity is unrealistic; especially when you can’t even acknowledge the basic rights of others.   Using their individual reflections as data, the four researchers were able to identify the resiliency factors that have helped to strengthen their and others’ racial identity. In this process, the researchers were able to have a deeper understanding of their African ancestry and develop a more inclusive Puerto Rican identity.  This process included the researchers examining ways that anti-blackness and colorism are displayed in the Puerto Rican culture, and also detecting areas of racial justice and resiliency throughout their community. The ultimate goal is to determine how transgenerational transmission of resiliency could better inform interventions and strategies targeting racial adversities for all descendants of the Transatlantic African Diaspora while considering its impact on cultural identity development and formation. Collectively, as a result of this project, there is a higher sense of connectedness to African roots.  In team discussions, it was found that a limitation of this paper is not having a person who identifies as Black Puerto-Rican as an author and how this would have added greatly to the roundtable discussions and findings. The authors recognize that there may be tension points that exist for Puerto-Ricans to fully accept their African heritage. The objective of this paper is to start a dialogue to open up spaces and opportunities to engage in this difficult conversation. It is the authors’ hope that this paper can spark conversations and strategies to address the historical and contemporary impact of how Blackness is socially constructed in Puerto Rican Society.  Finally, it is with hopes that this can connect the experiences of Black Puerto Ricans’ historical/contemporary resiliencies to the larger knowledge base of strategies that can help address racial adversities of all people from the Transatlantic African Diaspora

Consumo de calcio en gestantes durante el segundo y tercer trimestre atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo en el año 2013

Introducción: El objetivo fue determinar la cantidad de consumo de calcio en gestantes durante el segundo y tercer trimestre atendidas en el hospital nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo en el año 2013. El estudio: Se incluyó a todas las gestantes atendidas en el hospital y que aceptaron voluntariamente. Se empleó un recordatorio de 24 horas para el registro de los alimentos consumidos. Hallazgos: Se evaluó a 100 gestantes. La edad promedio fue 31.59 años. La media del consumo de calcio fue de 1030.745 mg/día. Conclusiones: Existe un bajo consumo de calcio en dieta de las gestantes atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguianga Asenjo, sin embargo, ahí un menor número de gestantes que tienen un buen consumo de calcio que toman tabletas de calcio y su dieta

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Competitive Risaralda, generating research alliance for development

El presente libro lleva como título “Risaralda competitiva, generando alianzas en investigación para el desarrollo”, resultado del V encuentro de investigadores del departamento de Risaralda realizado en el mes de noviembre del año 2020. Evento en el cual se presentaron las últimas investigaciones realizadas en las diferentes instituciones educativas del departamento; quienes hacen parte de la Mesa de Investigaciones de Risaralda; ejercicio de gran interés que arroja resultados de investigaciones en diferentes áreas como son las Ciencias Agrícolas, Ciencias sociales, Ciencias de la salud, Ciencias de la tecnología y la información

Guía de práctica clínica para la prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación de la falla cardiaca en población mayor de 18 años, clasificación B, C y D

La falla cardíaca es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por síntomas y signos típicos de insuficiencia cardíaca, adicional a la evidencia objetiva de una anomalía estructural o funcional del corazón. Guía completa 2016. Guía No. 53Población mayor de 18 añosN/

Natural Maywa

El presente proyecto de emprendimiento, nace de la ancestralidad y espiritualidad propia de la medicina natural que tiene como propósito la elaboración de productos que sirvan como medicina para el cuerpo físico y emocional. Maywa Natural responde a la tendencia de consumo sostenible, mediante productos de alta calidad elaborados de manera artesanal, con plantas nativas y libres de químicos nocivos para la salud. Esta alternativa es la representación de la pasión por la herbología y saberes tradicionales que han sido transmitidos de generación en generación, y que buscan crear conciencia ambiental. La propuesta responde a las necesidades actuales del mercado, brindando valor al cliente a través de productos de cosmética y cuidado personal. En el presente documento se lleva a cabo un estudio de mercado, análisis financiero y planteamiento de modelo de negocio con el objetivo de evaluar la viabilidad y posible éxito en la industria de la cosmética natural.This entrepreneurial project is born from the ancestry and spirituality of natural medicine whose purpose is to elaborate products that serve as medicine for the physical and emotional body. Maywa natural responds to the trend of sustainable consumption, through high quality products made in an artisanal way, with native plants and free of chemicals that are harmful to health. This alternative is the representation of the passion for herbology and traditional knowledge that have been transmitted from generation to generation, and that seek to create environmental awareness. The proposal responds to current market needs, providing value to the customer through cosmetic and personal care products. In this document, a market study, financial analysis and business model approach are carried out in order to evaluate the viability and possible success in the natural cosmetics industry

El régimen jurídico de la televisión en Colombia

Abogado (a)Pregrad

Contabilidad para el sector asegurador

Existe la necesidad de material de consulta que consolide de forma concreta, general y oportuna la contabilidad del sector asegurador, partiendo de los eventos que afectan los Estados Financieros, explicados en un lenguaje sencillo y elaborado, haciendo una presentación de los diferentes informes financieros y el análisis de su impacto en las compañías de Seguros a través de herramienta de consulta permanente. Adicionalmente, permitirá la aplicación práctica de éstos ya que quedaran plasmados y serán de ayuda para los investigadores y usuarios que desean aprender para que se constituya en una fuente válida de consult