Pre-operative evaluation of the volume of bone graft in sinus lifts by means of CompuDent

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of the CompuDent program in determining the pre-operative volume of bone graft in maxillary sinus floor lifts, and to calculate the volume of graft necessary for rehabilitation using varying lengths of implants. Study design: Based on the CompuDent program, we calculated the volume of graft necessary for 47 sinus lifts. This volume was measured in order to raise the floor of each sinus to 13.4 and 15 mm in height. Results: The average volume of graft in order to achieve a lift of 13?4 mm was 2.42 cm³ for the right maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.4 cm³ to 4.1 cm³, and 2.50 cm³ for the left maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.04 cm³ to 3.79 cm³. The average volume of graft in order to achieve a lift of 15 mm was 3.01 cm³ for the right maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.78 cm³ to 4.59 cm³, and 3.09 cm³ for the left maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.42 cm³ to 4.49 cm³. The statistical results provided by the Pearson Correlation show a significant inversely proportional correlation between the average of the heights and the volume of graft in the sinus. In addition, there is a clear correlation between the average volumes to be grafted for the respective heights 13.4 mm and 15 mm. Conclusions: The CompuDent program is an effective tool in determining the volume of bone graft given its simplicity, rapidness and possibility of standardization in all pre-surgical procedures

Um modelo didático para a biología

In this article, we propose a didactic model for biology aimed at broadening the framework of analysis used to study the processes of teaching and learning biology. We point out the several variables involved in the didactic process and seek to promote debate and reflection on the diverse training needs of biology teachers. We revisit an approach that focuses on problematic nuclei. This approach explains the causes of the problems that make the understanding of fundamental biological concepts and theories difficult. We propose a set of referents based on a variety of areas of knowledge, and additionally present the criteria and dimensions that combine in didactic interactions, and which underpin research and didactic transposition.En este trabajo se propone un modelo didáctico para la biología que busca ampliar el marco de análisis del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de esta disciplina; se señalan las múltiples variables que intervienen en el proceso didáctico y se promueve el debate y la reflexión sobre las diversas necesidades de formación de los profesores de este campo de conocimiento; se retoma el enfoque de núcleos problemáticos que explica las causas de las dificultades que existen en la comprensión de conceptos y teorías biológicas fundamentales y se plantea un conjunto de referentes fundamentados en diversos saberes, así como criterios y dimensiones que se conjugan en la interacción didáctica que buscan apuntalar la investigación y la transposición didáctica

Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries. Part 1: Anatomy, Exam and Evaluation

Introduction: The Brachial plexus is an intricated network of nerves that provide motor and sensory innervation of the shoulder girdle and the upper extremity. A variety of mechanisms may injure the nerves at different locations to a variable degree. Most severely the nerves are avulsed from spinal cord resulting in global loss of function and sensation of the upper extremity. Purpose: This paper intends to review the anatomy of the Brachial Plexus, Mechanisms and Patterns of Injury, and to provide guidelines for a structured physical examination. Additionally, the role of diagnostic and supporting studies will be reviewed. Results: Knowledge of the anatomy of BP assists in identifying location of injury as well as treatment options. Closed traction is the most common mechanism and most of BP injuries are pan plexal at presentation. Physical examination is key in ruling out life threatening situations, diagnostic test interpretation and treatment decision making. CT Myelogram remains the gold standard in diagnostic imaging. Nerve electrophysiologic studies (EMG, NCS, SSEP/MEP) are the most reliable way of identifying nerve injury and document the earliest signs of recovery. While a variety of treatment options are available to restore function, the options chosen depend on which nerves are injured and what the exam findings are. Conclusion: Prognosis in Brachial plexus injury lies on correct and prompt diagnosis. The multifactorial diagnosis process intends to narrow the options helping the surgeon decide the best course of treatment.Introducción. El plexo braquial es una red intrincada de nervios que proveen la inervación sensitiva y motora de la cintura escapular y la extremidad superior. Diferentes mecanismos pueden lesionar estos nervios en diferentes grados y localizaciones, y en los casos más severos las raíces se avulsionan de la médula espinal resultando en una pérdida global de la función y la sensibilidad de la extremidad superior. Objetivos. Revisar la anatomía del plexo braquial y los mecanismos y patrones de lesión; proveer guías para una evaluación estructurada, y revisar el rol de los estudios diagnósticos. Resultados. El conocimiento sobre la anatomía del plexo braquial es útil para identificar el sitio de la lesión y elegir el tratamiento más adecuado. La tracción cerrada es el mecanismo más común de lesión en esta red de nervios y la mayoría de lesiones son completas en el momento de la presentación. El examen físico es fundamental para descartar situaciones que ponen en riesgo la vida, interpretar los estudios diagnósticos y tomar decisiones durante el tratamiento. El mielotac es el estándar de oro de las imágenes diagnósticas y el electrodiagnóstico es la manera más confiable de identificar la lesión nerviosa y documentar los signos más tempranos de reinervación. Aunque existe una gran variedad de opciones para restaurar la función, la elección depende de los nervios lesionados y de los hallazgos al examen físico. Conclusión. El pronóstico de las lesiones del plexo braquial depende de un diagnóstico correcto y oportuno. Los procesos diagnósticos multifactoriales buscan delimitar las opciones para ayudar al cirujano a decidir el mejor curso de tratamiento y evitar pérdidas de tiempo

Efectos de la castración en la salud y el comportamiento de los caninos

La edad óptima para la castración en los caninos constituye uno de los temas más controversiales en el área de reproducción de pequeños animales. De hecho, en los congresos internacionales de la especialidad es un frecuente tema de mesa redonda. Además, los profesionales veterinarios somos continuamente consultados al respecto. En algunos países europeos, debido a prohibiciones culturales, económicas o legales, los caninos no se castran a menos que tengan enfermedades reproductivas. Como contrapartida, en los Estados Unidos, prácticamente todas las perras y perros son esterilizados quirúrgicamente en algún momento de su vida. Entre estos dos extremos podemos ubicarnos numerosos países latinoamericanos. La castración masiva permite un mejor control de la reproducción en los animales que ya no tienen capacidad para ésta, o bien no se consideran deseables para la cría. La castración elimina, también, comportamientos y los cambios físicos relacionados con la presencia de las hormonas sexuales. Las cirugías más comúnmente realizadas son la ovariohisterectomía (extracción del útero y ambos ovarios), la ovariectomía, la orquiectomía y la vasectomía, dependiendo de los distintos países. En general estas cirugías se denominan gonadectomías (eliminación de las gónadas u órganos reproductores).Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Ultrasonographic evaluation of ovarian morphology and blood flow in prepubertal and pubertal cats

The aim of this study was to evaluate two‐dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of feline ovaries before and during puberty. Nine, 3‐month‐old female cats were followed until puberty (Day 1). Two‐dimensional and Doppler ultrasound evalu‐ ations of the ovaries were carried out on Days ‐50, ‐20, ‐7 and 1. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the ovaries were measured and all anechoic spherical struc‐ tures were considered to be follicles. The number of follicles >1 mm and the maxi‐ mum diameter of the largest follicle were recorded. Peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity of intraovarian arteries were also measured to automatically calcu‐ late the resistive index (RI). The mean ovarian longitudinal diameter increased gradu‐ ally throughout the study from 8.6 to 10.7 mm (p < 0.05). While four cats presented multiple anechoic spherical structures <1 mm diameter throughout the study, the remaining five animals had these structures only on Days ‐50 and ‐20. On Days ‐20, ‐7 and 1, the mean number of follicles were 1.4 ± 0.7, 2.5 ± 0.8 and 4.8 ± 1 respec‐ tively (p < 0.01). The largest follicles at the same time points were 1.1 ± 0.2 mm, 1.9 ± 0.3 mm and 2.6 ± 0.5 mm respectively (p < 0.05). The RI of the intraovarian ar‐ teries declined throughout the study period (p < 0.01). It is concluded that, in female cats, ovarian dimensions, follicle number and intraovarian blood flow increased from 3 months of age to puberty.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Ultrasonographic evaluation of ovarian morphology and blood flow in prepubertal and pubertal cats

The aim of this study was to evaluate two‐dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of feline ovaries before and during puberty. Nine, 3‐month‐old female cats were followed until puberty (Day 1). Two‐dimensional and Doppler ultrasound evalu‐ ations of the ovaries were carried out on Days ‐50, ‐20, ‐7 and 1. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the ovaries were measured and all anechoic spherical struc‐ tures were considered to be follicles. The number of follicles >1 mm and the maxi‐ mum diameter of the largest follicle were recorded. Peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity of intraovarian arteries were also measured to automatically calcu‐ late the resistive index (RI). The mean ovarian longitudinal diameter increased gradu‐ ally throughout the study from 8.6 to 10.7 mm (p < 0.05). While four cats presented multiple anechoic spherical structures <1 mm diameter throughout the study, the remaining five animals had these structures only on Days ‐50 and ‐20. On Days ‐20, ‐7 and 1, the mean number of follicles were 1.4 ± 0.7, 2.5 ± 0.8 and 4.8 ± 1 respec‐ tively (p < 0.01). The largest follicles at the same time points were 1.1 ± 0.2 mm, 1.9 ± 0.3 mm and 2.6 ± 0.5 mm respectively (p < 0.05). The RI of the intraovarian ar‐ teries declined throughout the study period (p < 0.01). It is concluded that, in female cats, ovarian dimensions, follicle number and intraovarian blood flow increased from 3 months of age to puberty.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Vision Sidéreo system.

Este proyecto tiene la finalidad de generar energía limpia mediante el sol, lo innovador de este proyecto es que el panel no estará estático, sino que el panel solar girara conforme gire el sol, esto para aprovechar a un 100% la energía solar y no solo a medias como sucede con los paneles tradicionales. Dicho giro se realizara mediante la hora del día la cual será la encargada de buscar el ángulo en que está posicionado el sol con la tierra y estas mandaran la información al Arduino que a su vez se la mandara al servomotor (previamente programado) el cual está encargado de realizar los giros por ángulos. Ya encontrado el ángulo del sol y que el panel este en posición este empezara a generar la energía la cual entra a un controlador de carga el cual mantendrá la energía en 12V DC, la cual ira a un acumulador, que en este caso será una batería de carro, que está conectado a un inversor de voltaje para que la salida nos la arroje a 110V AC y se pueda utilizar en casa sin ningún problema

7150 Depresiones en sustratos turbosos del rhynchosporium

[ES] Definición según Bartolomé et al. (2005): comuni¬dades vegetales pioneras colonizadoras de substratos ácidos turbosos desnudos resultantes de la erosión artificial o natural de las turberas de Sphagnum. Este tipo de hábitat se presenta en los mismos terri¬torios que otras turberas de Sphagnum, fundamen¬talmente en las comarcas septentrionales y en los sistemas montañosos ácidos de la Península.Peer reviewe

Graphene materials with different structures prepared from the same graphite by the Hummers and Brodie methods

[EN] Graphene materials containing different functional groups were prepared from a natural graphite, by means of two different oxidation methods (Hummers and Brodie). It was observed that the differences in the structure of the resultant graphite oxides (GOs) greatly affect the structure of the graphenes resulting from their thermal exfoliation/reduction. Although the oxidation of the graphite was more effective with the modified Hummers method than with Brodie’s method (C/O of 1.8 vs 2.9, as determined by XPS), the former generated a lower residual oxygen content after thermal exfoliation/reduction and a better reconstruction of the 2D graphene structure (with fewer defects). This is explained by the presence of conjugated epoxy and hydroxyl groups in the GO obtained by Brodie’s method, which upon thermal treatment, lead to the incorporation of oxygen into the carbon lattice preventing its complete restoration. Additionally, graphene materials obtained with Brodie’s method exhibit, in general, smaller sheet size and larger surface area.The authors thank MICINN and European Union (CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010, Ref. CSD2009-00050, MAT2010-16194) for their financial support. Dr. Patricia Alvarez thanks MICINN for her Ramon y Cajal contract.Peer reviewe

Relative Risk Chart Score for the Assessment of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Objective. To determine if the use of the relative risk (RR) chart score may help to identify young ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Methods. 73 AS patients younger than 50 years were assessed. CV risk was calculated according to the total cholesterol systematic coronary risk evaluation (TC-SCORE) and the RR chart score. C-reactive protein (CRP) value at disease diagnosis and carotid ultrasound data were also analyzed. Results. Twenty (27.4%) patients exhibited carotid plaques being classified into the category of very highCVrisk.None of them was found to have a high/very high TC-SCORE. CRP > 3mg/L at disease diagnosis was associated with the presence of carotid plaques (odds ratio 5.66, \u1d45d� = 0.03).Whereas only 5 (14.2%) of the 35 patients with RR = 1 had carotid plaques, 15 (39.5%) of 38 with RR > 1 showed plaques. A model that included the performance of carotid US in patients with RR > 1 who hadCRP> 3mg/L allowed us to identify 60% of very high risk patients, with a specificity of 77.4%. Conclusions. RR chart score assessment may help to identify young AS patients at high risk of CV disease