Árboles útiles del bosque tropical caducifolio secundario en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, México

Background and Aims: The tropical deciduous forest (TDF) stands out for its utilitarian value, although the information related to the use of plants by mestizo communities is limited. This research describes the use value and the ecological importance of native TDF secondary tree species near peasant communities in Villa Allende Forest Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico.   Methods: The ethnobotanical information was obtained via the free list technique complemented with a floristic inventory through the method of plots. The use value index was calculated as a measure of cultural importance and it was related to the ecological importance value of each useful species, using relative values of frequency, density and dominance. Key results: one hundred three useful angiosperm species were found, 77% of them are of multiple use and correspond to 10 categories in use, being the most remarkable: fuel (73), poles (68) and construction (63). Eysenhardtia adenostylis (1.36) and Acacia pennatula (1.29) were the species with the highest use value, although the majority (84%) registered low use values (≤0.3). Likewise, the species with the highest use value have low values of ecological importance (IVI ≤0.69). The use value per species was not related to the ecological importance value, except the dominance associated with the forest of 19 years of abandonment that correlated positively with the use value (rs=0.30, P=0.04) and the significant correlation between density and value of ornamental use (rs=0.41, P=0.03). Based on use value, nine potential species were recommended for conservation and restoration of TDF in the study area.Conclusions: The secondary TDF in Villa Allende Forest Reserve, Chiapas, provides useful tree species to satisfy the basic needs of the communities, although the cultural importance of these does not depend on its ecological importance.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El bosque tropical caducifolio (BTC) destaca por su valor utilitario, pero la información sobre el uso de las plantas por la población mestiza es limitada. Este estudio describe el valor de uso e importancia ecológica de las especies arbóreas nativas del BTC secundario cercano a comunidades campesinas en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, México.Métodos: La información etnobotánica se obtuvo por la técnica de lista libre y se complementó con un inventario florístico a través del método de parcelas. Se calculó el índice de valor de uso como medida de la importancia cultural y se relacionó con la importancia ecológica de cada especie útil, usando valores relativos de frecuencia, densidad y dominancia.Resultados clave: Se registraron 103 especies útiles de angiospermas, 77% de ellas son de uso múltiple y corresponden a 10 categorías de uso, siendo los más destacados: combustible (73), postes (68) y construcción (63). Eysenhardtia adenostylis (1.36) y Acacia pennatula (1.29) fueron las especies con el valor de uso más alto, aunque la mayoría (84%) registró bajos valores de uso (≤0.3). Asimismo, las especies con mayor valor de uso poseen bajos valores de importancia ecológica (IVI ≤0.69). El valor de uso por especie no se relacionó con el valor de importancia ecológica, excepto porque la dominancia del bosque de 19 años de abandono se correlacionó positivamente con el valor de uso (rs=0.30, P=0.04) y la relación significativa entre la densidad con el valor de uso ornamental (rs=0.41, P=0.03). Con base en el valor de uso se recomendaron nueve especies potenciales para conservación y restauración del BTC en la zona estudiada.Conclusiones: El BTC secundario en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, provee de especies arbóreas útiles para satisfacer las necesidades básicas de las comunidades, aunque la importancia cultural de éstas no depende de su importancia ecológica

Experimental study of differentially rotating supersonic plasma flows produced by aluminium wire array Z-pinches

A novel approach to cylindrical wire array z-pinches has been developed in order to create a rotating plasma flow analogous to astrophysical accretion discs. The method involves subjecting the wire array to a cusp magnetic field (B_r) to create converging off axis ablation streams to form a rotating flow. The rotation is sustained by the ram pressure of the ablation streams in a quasi-equilibrium state for approximately 150 ns. This corresponds to one full rotation of the plasma about the axis. The rotating plasma is supersonic with Mach number ~2 and a radially constant rotation velocity between 60 and 75 km/s; the angular velocity therefore has an r^-1 dependence and the flow is differential. A Thomson scattering diagnostic is used to measure the electron and ion temperatures as Te ~30 eV and Ti >55 eV and the ionisation of the plasma (Z) between 6 and 8. These parameters are used to calculate the Reynolds number (10^5 to 10^6) and magnetic Reynolds numbers (20 to 100) which are large enough for viscous and resistive effects to be negligible on the large scale of the flow. These are of sufficient magnitude for the experiment to be scalable to astrophysical accretion discs. Further more the Reynolds number for the experiment is large enough for shear instabilities to manifest in the plasma. Some evidence for this can be seen in XUV images and Thomson spectra which indicate the development of perturbations and vorticity within the flow. Predictions for the growth rate of the Kelvin Helmholtz instability, 12 to 40 ns, agree reasonably well with the observed perturbation growth of ~30 ns. It is also possible that shear instabilities are driving hydrodynamic turbulence. Turbulent heating of the plasma could explain the approximately 500 eV increase in the ion temperature observed from some Thomson spectra. Further work is required however to prove the existence of shear flows and turbulence within the experiments.Open Acces

Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain : Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

LA U INVESTIGA: Revista Científica. Facultad Ciencias de la Salud. Volumen 3. Número 1

Los ámbitos de investigación expuestos en este número corresponden a salud, educación, comunicación; temática relacionados íntimamente con la problemática social, que trata de visibilizarla a través de la difusión científica. Desde una visión de caso clínico, como son aquellos artículos investigados en los centros asistenciales del país; o de análisis colectivo evidente en los artículos elaborados por académicos de la Universidad Técnica del Norte.• Adenoma pleomorfo metastásico a mama y pulmón. • Evaluación clínica y atención temprana de la potencialidad cerebromotriz innata en los recién nacidos vivos con factores de riesgo neonatal del hospital general San Vicente de Paúl. • Embarazo ectopico cervical a proposito de un caso • Ganglio centinela en cáncer de mama uso de azul patente en unidades de segundo nivel. • Morbimortalidad en recién nacidos pretérminos menores de 36 semanas, hospital IESS Ibarra año 2014. • Ruptura esplénica asociada con preeclampsia severa presentacion de un caso. • Enfermedad de Addison de etiología tuberculosa: presentación de caso clínico. • Estado de la independencia funcional en personas con discapacidad del cantón Otavalo. • Síntesis analítica sobre las bondades medicinales de la jícama (smallanthus sonchifolius) 2015. • Prevención de infecciones puerperales con Churiyuyo (kalanchoe pinnata), una experiencia de las parteras tradicionales en Napo Ecuador. • Valoración de las habilidades comunicativas en la relación fisioterapeuta paciente. • Objeto de aprendizaje móvil en el aula, para estudiantes de la carrera de Nutrición y salud comunitaria, Universidad Técnica del Norte. • Infecciones de vías urinarias asociadas a catéter vesical en mujeres embarazadas. Hospital San Vicente de Paúl, 2015. • Proceso enfermero en la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas en usuario colecistectomizado. • Satisfacción laboral de los profesionales de enfermerí

Proyecto, investigación e innovación en urbanismo, arquitectura y diseño industrial

Actas de congresoLas VII Jornadas de Investigación “Encuentro y Reflexión” y I Jornadas de Investigación de becarios y doctorandos. Proyecto, investigación e innovación en Urbanismo, Arquitectura y Diseño Industrial se centraron en cuatro ejes: el proyecto; la dimensión tecnológica y la gestión; la dimensión social y cultural y la enseñanza en Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño Industrial, sustentados en las líneas prioritarias de investigación definidas epistemológicamente en el Consejo Asesor de Ciencia y Tecnología de esta Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Con el objetivo de afianzar continuidad, formación y transferencia de métodos, metodología y recursos se incorporó becarios y doctorandos de los Institutos de investigación. La Comisión Honoraria la integraron las tres Secretarias de Investigación de la Facultad, arquitectas Marta Polo, quien fundó y María del Carmen Franchello y Nora Gutiérrez Crespo quienes continuaron la tradición de la buena práctica del debate en la cotidianeidad de la propia Facultad. Los textos que conforman las VII Jornadas son los avances y resultados de las investigaciones realizadas en el bienio 2016-2018.Fil: Novello, María Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Repiso, Luciana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Mir, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Brizuela, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Herrera, Fernanda. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Períes, Lucas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Romo, Claudia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Gordillo, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Elena Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentin

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Árboles útiles del bosque tropical caducifolio secundario en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, México

Background and Aims: The tropical deciduous forest (TDF) stands out for its utilitarian value, although the information related to the use of plants by mestizo communities is limited. This research describes the use value and the ecological importance of native TDF secondary tree species near peasant communities in Villa Allende Forest Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. Methods: The ethnobotanical information was obtained via the free list technique complemented with a floristic inventory through the method of plots. The use value index was calculated as a measure of cultural importance and it was related to the ecological importance value of each useful species, using relative values of frequency, density and dominance. Key results: one hundred three useful angiosperm species were found, 77% of them are of multiple use and correspond to 10 categories in use, being the most remarkable: fuel (73), poles (68) and construction (63). Eysenhardtia adenostylis (1.36) and Acacia pennatula (1.29) were the species with the highest use value, although the majority (84%) registered low use values (≤0.3). Likewise, the species with the highest use value have low values of ecological importance (IVI ≤0.69). The use value per species was not related to the ecological importance value, except the dominance associated with the forest of 19 years of abandonment that correlated positively with the use value (rs=0.30, P=0.04) and the significant correlation between density and value of ornamental use (rs=0.41, P=0.03). Based on use value, nine potential species were recommended for conservation and restoration of TDF in the study area. Conclusions: The secondary TDF in Villa Allende Forest Reserve, Chiapas, provides useful tree species to satisfy the basic needs of the communities, although the cultural importance of these does not depend on its ecological importance.Antecedentes y Objetivos: El bosque tropical caducifolio (BTC) destaca por su valor utilitario, pero la información sobre el uso de las plantas por la población mestiza es limitada. Este estudio describe el valor de uso e importancia ecológica de las especies arbóreas nativas del BTC secundario cercano a comunidades campesinas en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, México. Métodos: La información etnobotánica se obtuvo por la técnica de lista libre y se complementó con un inventario florístico a través del método de parcelas. Se calculó el índice de valor de uso como medida de la importancia cultural y se relacionó con la importancia ecológica de cada especie útil, usando valores relativos de frecuencia, densidad y dominancia. Resultados clave: Se registraron 103 especies útiles de angiospermas, 77% de ellas son de uso múltiple y corresponden a 10 categorías de uso, siendo los más destacados: combustible (73), postes (68) y construcción (63). Eysenhardtia adenostylis (1.36) y Acacia pennatula (1.29) fueron las especies con el valor de uso más alto, aunque la mayoría (84%) registró bajos valores de uso (≤0.3). Asimismo, las especies con mayor valor de uso poseen bajos valores de importancia ecológica (IVI ≤0.69). El valor de uso por especie no se relacionó con el valor de importancia ecológica, excepto porque la dominancia del bosque de 19 años de abandono se correlacionó positivamente con el valor de uso (rs=0.30, P=0.04) y la relación significativa entre la densidad con el valor de uso ornamental (rs=0.41, P=0.03). Con base en el valor de uso se recomendaron nueve especies potenciales para conservación y restauración del BTC en la zona estudiada. Conclusiones: El BTC secundario en la Reserva Forestal Villa Allende, Chiapas, provee de especies arbóreas útiles para satisfacer las necesidades básicas de las comunidades, aunque la importancia cultural de éstas no depende de su importancia ecológica