Autopistas salvajes: propuesta de WWF España para una Red Estratégica de Corredores Ecológicos entre espacios Red Natura 2000

La propuesta de corredores realizada en este documento se basa en los resultados del siguiente estudio encargado por WWF España: Estudio para la identificación de redes de conectividad entre espacios forestales de la Red Natura 2000 en España. ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 2016. Autores: María Cruz Mateo Sánchez, Begoña de la Fuente Martín, Aitor Gastón González y Santiago Saura Martínez de Toda.[ES] Un territorio donde los espacios de valor natural estén conectados y se permita el movimiento de fauna y flora, el intercambio de genes y, en un sentido más amplio, el funcionamiento de procesos ecológicos, es clave para conservar la biodiversidad y los recursos naturales y para afrontar con mayores garantías los efectos indeseables del cambio climático. En España, además, sometida a fuertes procesos de transformación del paisaje y a los efectos del cambio climático, el freno a los procesos de aislamiento y fragmentación de hábitats para las especies y la búsqueda de soluciones para garantizar la conectividad ecológica se convierten en tareas especialmente relevantes para detener la pérdida de biodiversidad. Y es que diversos estudios ya han constatado que no es posible alcanzar los objetivos de conservación basándose únicamente en la declaración de espacios protegidos aislados (Franklin, 1993; Krosby y otros, 2010; Laurance y otros, 2012; Juffe-Bignoli y otros, 2014; Saura y otros, 2018). Esto ha tenido como consecuencia que comience a considerarse, en un número creciente de países, la necesidad de establecer redes de conectividad que faciliten el flujo de organismos y procesos ecológicos entre dichos espacios. A la vista de esto, y de las obligaciones legales derivadas de las legislaciones europea y nacional, WWF presenta en este documento una visión de conectividad para la España peninsular con una propuesta de corredores ecológicos como nexos entre espacios de la Red Natura 2000. Es una identificación que tiene en cuenta los corredores transfronterizos, que funcionan como conectores entre espacios ubicados en territorio español y trascurren en parte de su trazado por territorio de países limítrofes (Portugal, Francia y Andorra). Por motivos metodológicos no se incluyen en el estudio los territorios insulares. Esta propuesta ha sido generada a partir de un estudio realizado por la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid por encargo de WWF España. Se han identificado los corredores prioritarios entre los hábitats forestales de Red Natura 2000 con el objetivo de garantizar la movilidad de las especies forestales. Se ha elegido este enfoque por la amplia representación de este tipo de hábitats en España y en la Red Natura 2000, así como por la mayor disponibilidad de información necesaria para los análisis de conectividad. También se ha determinado qué corredores tienen mayor necesidad de ser restaurados para mejorar la conectividad de la red, cuáles son prioritarios para la conservación, de manera que se mantengan al menos en sus condiciones actuales, y qué tramos de estos corredores están actuando como cuellos de botella, dificultando el movimiento de las especies y con condiciones particularmente frágiles para garantizar su papel conector. Esta propuesta se ha realizado usando las mejores y más recientes herramientas y metodologías disponibles para el análisis de la conectividad (Saura y Pascual-Hortal, 2007; Saura y Torné, 2009; McRae y Kavanagh, 2011; De la Fuente y otros, 2018) y se centra en las necesidades de movimiento de un amplio grupo de especies forestales y en favorecer la conexión para una variedad de hábitat (bosques densos, bosques claros y matorrales) y procesos ecológicos asociados a los mismos. Sin embargo, la propuesta no abarca aspectos como la conectividad para especies y hábitats de tipo más estepario y de ámbito agrario, así como la de hábitats acuáticos. Sin duda, sería de gran interés analizar dichas carencias en el futuro para sumar información al presente estudio. En conclusión, los resultados aportan información geográfica explícita clave para ser tenida en cuenta por políticas ambientales y sectoriales —de planificación territorial, agricultura o transporte— y alcanzar así las obligaciones y compromisos de España respecto a la conservación de la biodiversidad. Autopistas Salvajes. Propuesta de WWF España para una Red Estratégica de Corredores Ecológicos entre espacios Red Natura 2000 aporta una visión necesaria y de futuro que también será muy valiosa para alcanzar la conectividad ecológica entre países europeos.Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias al apoyo de la Fundación MAVA

COVID-19 : Age, Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and lymphocytes as key clues from a multicentre retrospective study

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 infection has widely spread to become the greatest public health challenge to date, the COVID-19 pandemic. Different fatality rates among countries are probably due to non-standardized records being carried out by local health authorities. The Spanish case-fatality rate is 11.22%, far higher than those reported in Asia or by other European countries. A multicentre retrospective study of demographic, clinical, laboratory and immunological features of 584 Spanish COVID-19 hospitalized patients and their outcomes was performed. The use of renin-angiotensin system blockers was also analysed as a risk factor. Results: In this study, 27.4% of cases presented a mild course, 42.1% a moderate one and for 30.5% of cases, the course was severe. Ages ranged from 18 to 98 (average 63). Almost 60 % (59.8%) of patients were male. Interleukin 6 was higher as severity increased. On the other hand, CD8 lymphocyte count was significantly lower as severity grew and subpopulations CD4, CD8, CD19, and NK showed concordant lowering trends. Severity-related natural killer percent descents were evidenced just within aged cases. A significant severity-related decrease of CD4 lymphocytes was found in males. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was associated with a better prognosis. The angiotensin II receptor blocker use was associated with a more severe course. Conclusions: Age and age-related comorbidities, such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension or diabetes, determined more frequent severe forms of the disease in this study than in previous literature cohorts. Our cases are older than those so far reported and the clinical course of the disease is found to be impaired by age. Immunosenescence might be therefore a suitable explanation for the hampering of immune system effectors. The adaptive immunity would become exhausted and a strong but ineffective and almost deleterious innate response would account for COVID-19 severity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors used by hypertensive patients have a protective effect in regards to COVID-19 severity in our series. Conversely, patients on angiotensin II receptor blockers showed a severer disease

Variables psicológicas implicadas en la actitud e iniciativa emprendedora (II): personalidad, cognición y emoción

El proyecto titulado: Variables implicadas en la actitud e iniciativa emprendedora (II): personalidad, cognición y emoción, es la continuidad de otro presentado en la convocatoria anterior (2016-2017) cuyo objetivo era evaluar variables psicológicas en la actitud emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Este segundo proyecto ha tenido por objetivo principal ampliar la evaluación a otras facultades y áreas de conocimiento de nuestra universidad a fin de obtener el mapa y perfil de la iniciativa emprendedora del universitario UCM

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

The age again in the eye of the COVID-19 storm: evidence-based decision making.

One hundred fifty million contagions, more than 3 million deaths and little more than 1 year of COVID-19 have changed our lives and our health management systems forever. Ageing is known to be one of the significant determinants for COVID-19 severity. Two main reasons underlie this: immunosenescence and age correlation with main COVID-19 comorbidities such as hypertension or dyslipidaemia. This study has two aims. The first is to obtain cut-off points for laboratory parameters that can help us in clinical decision-making. The second one is to analyse the effect of pandemic lockdown on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory parameters concerning the severity of the COVID-19. For these purposes, 257 of SARSCoV2 inpatients during pandemic confinement were included in this study. Moreover, 584 case records from a previously analysed series, were compared with the present study data. Concerning the characteristics of lockdown series, mild cases accounted for 14.4, 54.1% were moderate and 31.5%, severe. There were 32.5% of home contagions, 26.3% community transmissions, 22.5% nursing home contagions, and 8.8% corresponding to frontline worker contagions regarding epidemiological features. Age > 60 and male sex are hereby confirmed as severity determinants. Equally, higher severity was significantly associated with higher IL6, CRP, ferritin, LDH, and leukocyte counts, and a lower percentage of lymphocyte, CD4 and CD8 count. Comparing this cohort with a previous 584-cases series, mild cases were less than those analysed in the first moment of the pandemic and dyslipidaemia became more frequent than before. IL-6, CRP and LDH values above 69 pg/mL, 97 mg/L and 328 U/L respectively, as well as a CD4 T-cell count below 535 cells/μL, were the best cut-offs predicting severity since these parameters offered reliable areas under the curve. Age and sex together with selected laboratory parameters on admission can help us predict COVID-19 severity and, therefore, make clinical and resource management decisions. Demographic features associated with lockdown might affect the homogeneity of the data and the robustness of the results