Estudio funcional de la subunidad IKKα, miembro del complejo IkB quinasa, y CYLD en la fisiopatología cutánea

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 15-01-200

School market, marketing and segregation: An exploratory study on the use of advertising in schools in Santiago of Chile

En el sistema escolar chileno, caracterizado por dinámicas mercantiles y marcada segregación, el uso del marketing constituye una estrategia de promoción de servicios para captar y fidelizar usuarios. Este artículo examina la distribución en el espacio socio-geográfico de la publicidad de 1383 escuelas de la provincia de Santiago de Chile. Para ello se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo que permitió establecer relaciones estadísticas entre la presencia de afiches publicitarios y variables como grupo socioeconómico (GSE), dependencia administrativa y ubicación geográfica de las instituciones escolares. La evidencia empírica revela que el uso de publicidad se relaciona de manera significativa con variables como el GSE de las familias, la dependencia y las características sociales de la comuna donde se ubican las escuelas. Los resultados son discutidos en base a los antecedentes teóricos y las características estructurales del modelo escolar chilenoIn the Chilean school system, characterized by market dynamics and markedly segregation, the use of marketing constitutes a strategy to promote services to attract and retain users. This article examines the distribution in the socio - geographical space of advertising of 1383 schools in the province of Santiago. A quantitative approach was used to establish statistical relationships between the presence of advertising posters and variables such as socioeconomic group (GSE), administrative dependence and geographical location of school institutions. The empirical evidence reveals that the use of advertising is related in a significant way with variables such as the GSE of the families, the dependence and the social characteristics of the commune where the schools are located. The results are discussed based on the theoretical background and structural characteristics of the Chilean school mode

Tensiones del trabajo docente en un contexto gerencialista: una revisión de literatura sobre el caso chileno

This article presents the results of a literature review on managerial policies applied to school management and teaching work in Chile. Through guidelines of a type of revision called Realistic Review, 67 publications from the period 2003 - 2018 were analyzed. The results show that this institutional context restricts the possibilities of agency of educational actors through prescriptions arranged in various mechanisms of standardization and accountability. Teaching work tensions that arise from imbalances between the prescriptions of the institutional framework and contextual elements such as local conceptions of teaching and others linked to the precariousness of working conditions are also recognized. These findings are discussed in terms of improvements to current institutions and challenges for research.Este artículo expone resultados de una revisión de literatura sobre políticas gerencialistas aplicadas a la gestión escolar y al trabajo docente en Chile. Mediante lineamientos de un tipo de revisión denominada Revisión Realista se analizaron 67 publicaciones del periodo 2003 – 2018. Los resultados muestran que este contexto institucional restringe las posibilidades de agenciamiento de los actores educativos a través de prescripciones dispuestas en variados mecanismos deestandarización y rendición de cuentas. También se reconocentensiones del trabajo docente que surgen de desajustes entre las prescripciones del marco institucional y elementos contextuales como las concepciones locales de enseñanza y otros vinculados a la precarización de condiciones laborales. Estos hallazgos son discutidos en función de mejoras a la institucionalidad vigente y desafíos para la investigación

Procesos argumentativos que conforman las reflexiones del profesorado chileno sobre sus experiencias de colaboración en el marco del Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje

El Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje DUA es un marco de referencia orientado a construir mayores y variadas oportunidades para que todo el alumnado pueda aprender y participar. Su implementación, prescrita por la promulgación del Decreto 83 en Chile, requiere dinámicas de colaboración entre el profesorado. Así, este estudio establece como objetivo comprender las reflexiones del cuerpo docente sobre sus experiencias de colaboración en el marco del DUA. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, se realizaron entrevistas a 12 profesores y profesoras de educación básica, organizadas en dos etapas para representar la complejidad de las reflexiones: episódica y argumentativa. El material fue analizado desde herramientas derivadas de la teoría fundamentada. Los resultados muestran que los profesores y las profesoras reconocen que su actividad colaborativa dirigida a diversificar la enseñanza está condicionada por factores institucionales. Además, las experiencias colaborativas satisfactorias entre agentes educativos se caracterizan por la interdependencia, reconocimiento mutuo y la confianza. Las consecuencias favorables en la motivación y el desarrollo del alumnado se facilitan, de acuerdo con las reflexiones del cuerpo docente, cuando se trabaja la diversificación conjuntamente con el aprendizaje cooperativo. Estos resultados son discutidos a un nivel institucional, de relación profesional y de aula, concluyendo que cada elemento abordado reflexivamente por los profesores y las profesoras es relevante y forman una estructura articulada. Las principales implicancias son: comprender la implementación del DUA como un proceso reflexivo conjunto; crear condiciones culturales, relacionales, formativas, de tiempo y de política educativa, y concretar el DUA en el aula con estructuras de aprendizaje cooperativo

CYLD regulates keratinocyte differentiation and skin cancer progression in humans

CYLD is a gene mutated in familial cylindromatosis and related diseases, leading to the development of skin appendages tumors. Although the deubiquitinase CYLD is a skin tumor suppressor, its role in skin physiology is unknown. Using skin organotypic cultures as experimental model to mimic human skin, we have found that CYLD acts as a regulator of epidermal differentiation in humans through the JNK signaling pathway. We have determined the requirement of CYLD for the maintenance of epidermal polarity, keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis. We show that CYLD overexpression increases keratinocyte differentiation while CYLD loss of function impairs epidermal differentiation. In addition, we describe the important role of CYLD in the control of human non-melanoma skin cancer progression. Our results show the reversion of the malignancy of human squamous cell carcinomas that express increased levels of CYLD, while its functional inhibition enhances the aggressiveness of these tumors which progress toward spindle cell carcinomas. We have found that the mechanisms through which CYLD regulates skin cancer progression include the control of tumor differentiation, angiogenesis and cell survival. These findings of the role of CYLD in human skin cancer prognosis make our results relevant from a therapeutic point of view, and open new avenues for exploring novel cancer therapiesThis work was funded by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PI06/1233 and PI10/01480 to MLC, and SAF2010-22156 to ARS

Increased IKKα Expression in the Basal Layer of the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Enhances the Malignant Potential of Skin Tumors

Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in humans. In this study we demonstrate that elevated IKKα expression in murine epidermis increases the malignancy potential of skin tumors. We describe the generation of transgenic mice overexpressing IKKα in the basal, proliferative layer of the epidermis and in the outer root sheath of hair follicles. The epidermis of K5-IKKα transgenic animals shows several alterations such as hyperproliferation, mislocalized expression of integrin-α6 and downregulation of the tumor suppressor maspin. Treatment of the back skin of mice with the mitogenic agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate causes in transgenic mice the appearance of different preneoplastic changes such as epidermal atypia with loss of cell polarity and altered epidermal tissue architecture, while in wild type littermates this treatment only leads to the development of benign epidermal hyperplasia. Moreover, in skin carcinogenesis assays, transgenic mice carrying active Ha-ras (K5-IKKα-Tg.AC mice) develop invasive tumors, instead of the benign papillomas arising in wild type-Tg-AC mice also bearing an active Ha-ras. Therefore we provide evidence for a tumor promoter role of IKKα in skin cancer, similarly to what occurs in other neoplasias, including hepatocarcinomas and breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. The altered expression of cyclin D1, maspin and integrin-α6 in skin of transgenic mice provides, at least in part, the molecular bases for the increased malignant potential found in the K5-IKKα skin tumors

Aspectos anatomopatológicos do paciente portador de Pneumonia: Anatomopathological aspects of the patient with Pneumonia

A pneumonia condiz a uma condensação inflamatória aguda dos alvéolos e/ou infiltração tecidual intersticial pulmonar que resulta da ação de células inflamatórias em resposta a injúrias de um determinado agente microbiano. A patologia conforme o local de aquisição, o padrão de comprometimento, o agente etiológico são determinantes para o quadro clínico, lesões e achados radiográficos. O seguinte artigo objetivou descrever através da revisão bibliográfica, os aspectos gerais da pneumonia com foco em abordar os aspectos anatomopatológicos desta enfermidade. Trata-se  de  um  estudo qualitativo  de  revisão  narrativa,  elaborado  para  abordar  sobre os aspectos anatomopatológicos do paciente portador de pneumonia.  É composta por uma análise ampla da literatura, e com uma metodologia rigorosa e replicável ao nível de reprodução de dados e questões quantitativas para resoluções específicas.  Conforme as informações disponíveis na literatura, elucida-se que os pulmões contam com um aparato de mecanismos de defesa. Mas, mediante injúrias e agentes agressores geram um desequilíbrios e posteriormente originam condições que favorecem doenças respiratórias. A pneumonia possui vários agentes etiológicos, e de acordo com este, distintos padrões de acometimento pulmonar e achados radiográficos irão se manifestar

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of IKK1 in Transgenic Mice Using a Transgenic Construct Containing the Human H1 Promoter

Inhibition of gene expression through siRNAs is a tool increasingly used for the study of gene function in model systems, including transgenic mice. To achieve perdurable effects, the stable expression of siRNAs by an integrated transgenic construct is necessary. For transgenic siRNA expression, promoters transcribed by either RNApol II or III (such as U6 or H1 promoters) can be used. Relatively large amounts of small RNAs synthesis are achieved when using RNApol III promoters, which can be advantageous in knockdown experiments. To study the feasibility of H1 promoter-driven RNAi-expressing constructs for protein knockdown in transgenic mice, we chose IKK1 as the target gene. Our results indicate that constructs containing the H1 promoter are sensitive to the presence of prokaryotic sequences and to transgene position effects, similar to RNApol II promoters-driven constructs. We observed variable expression levels of transgenic siRNA among different tissues and animals and a reduction of up to 80% in IKK1 expression. Furthermore, IKK1 knockdown led to hair follicle alterations. In summary, we show that constructs directed by the H1 promoter can be used for knockdown of genes of interest in different organs and for the generation of animal models complementary to knockout and overexpression models