Vivre la musique judéo-espagnole en France : de la collecte à la patrimonialisation, l’artiste et la communauté

Doctorat réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris Sorbonne. La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU).La question centrale de cette recherche s’inscrit dans la foulée des problématiques autour de la patrimonialisation, de la performance et de la mise en scène des pratiques musicales. Elle vise plus précisément à comprendre comment et pourquoi les Judéo-espagnols de France, installés depuis le début du XXe siècle, utilisent les pratiques singulières des musiciens et chanteurs professionnels majoritairement externes à la communauté pour revendiquer leur patrimoine musical collectif et affirmer leur identité. La chercheuse replonge dans le passé afin de saisir comment le répertoire musical s’est construit et est devenu un objet quasiment exclusif au monde de l’art, alors qu’il reste associé aux répertoires dits « traditionnels ». En vue d’interroger la judéo-hispanité musicale et déterminer ce qui la caractérise au présent, une ethnographie multi-site auprès des artistes et de la communauté est proposée. Enfin, pour comprendre le sens des pratiques, différents espaces de performance sont examinés à partir de l’analyse des interactions entre les pôles de production et de réception, en cohérence avec le contexte général de la pratique et de l’ensemble des paramètres performanciels. La conclusion révèle notamment que la relation entre les artistes et la communauté génère un nouvel espace familial et intimiste et que chacun des espaces forme un système interrelationnel dont l’interaction permet de produire un équilibre qui consiste à faire vivre et à investir le patrimoine musical au présent. Par ce biais, c’est notamment la problématique des catégories musicales (musiques populaires, musiques traditionnelles, musiques de scène) reliées aux espaces de pratique qui est interrogée.The central question of this research follows the problematic of patrimonialization (heritization), performance and mise en scene of musical practices. It aims, more precisely, to understand how and why Judeo-Spanish people settled in France since the early twentieth century, use individual practices of professional musicians and singers who are predominantly external to the community to reclaim their collective musical patrimony and affirm their identity. The researcher returns to the past in order to understand how this musical repertoire was constructed, and how it came to be almost exclusive to the art world, even though it is still associated to with the traditional music repertoire. Moreover, in order to question the Judeo-Spanish nature of the music and determine what presently characterizes it, a multi-site ethnography of the artists and the community is proposed. Finally, with a view to understanding the meaning of these practices today different spaces of performance are examined, especially the interaction between the poles of production and reception, in a general context, and through an examination of the parameters of its performance practice. One of the conclusions reveals that the constant relationship between the artist and the community generates a new kind of space for family and that each space constitutes an inter-relational system, thus constructing an interactive equilibrium, which keeps the musical patrimony alive. In this way, it is the problematic of musical categories (e.g. popular music, traditional music, staged music), related to spaces of practice, which is interrogated

Des Judéo-espagnols à la machine unesquienne. Enjeux et défis de la patrimonialisation musicale

À travers l’expérience d’une « participation observante » au sein de la section du Patrimoine culturel immatériel (PCI) au siège de l’Unesco à Paris, cet article vise à saisir les enjeux éthiques de cette nouvelle machine patrimoniale institutionnelle qui fait tant couler d’encre. Les débats et les discussions qui animent le processus autour de la liste représentative de la Convention de 2003 pour la sauvegarde du PCI sont mis en exergue, en prenant à témoin la première réunion de l’Organe subsidiaire qui a eu lieu en mai 2009. Plusieurs tensions et paradoxes de l’entreprise patrimoniale émergent, notamment les controverses autour de la notion de patrimoine, l’utilitarisme de la culture, et l’évidente modification du statut des pratiques culturelles qui acquièrent le label Unesco

Des Judéo-espagnols à la machine unesquienne. Enjeux et défis de la patrimonialisation musicale

À travers l’expérience d’une « participation observante » au sein de la section du Patrimoine culturel immatériel (PCI) au siège de l’Unesco à Paris, cet article vise à saisir les enjeux éthiques de cette nouvelle machine patrimoniale institutionnelle qui fait tant couler d’encre. Les débats et les discussions qui animent le processus autour de la liste représentative de la Convention de 2003 pour la sauvegarde du PCI sont mis en exergue, en prenant à témoin la première réunion de l’Organe subsidiaire qui a eu lieu en mai 2009. Plusieurs tensions et paradoxes de l’entreprise patrimoniale émergent, notamment les controverses autour de la notion de patrimoine, l’utilitarisme de la culture, et l’évidente modification du statut des pratiques culturelles qui acquièrent le label Unesco

Le patrimoine à la lumière de l’ethnomusicologie. Collaboration, implication et réflexivité

Depuis l’apparition du concept de patrimoine dans les études ethnomusicologiques, les problématiques de l’implication du chercheur sur le terrain, de l’impact de ses recherches et surtout de ses collaborations institutionnelles, sont de plus en plus discutées. À partir de mon expertise des questions patrimoniales et d’une collaboration avec certains acteurs du projet d’inscription du gwoka de la Guadeloupe sur la liste représentative de la Convention de 2003 de l’Unesco, je mettrai en lumière la façon dont s’articule le dialogue entre ethnographie collaborative (Lassiter 2005), production du savoir ethnographique (White et Strohm 2014) et analyse ethnomusicologique. Il s’agit plus globalement de dépasser les critiques essentialisantes des projets patrimoniaux et d’envisager cette nouvelle forme d’implication ethnomusicologique comme un véritable laboratoire anthropologique permettant constamment d’interroger la parole, le rôle et l’impact de celui qui est désigné comme « expert » sur le terrain

Madagascar : Imerina et Antandroy

L’île de Madagascar (la quatrième plus grande au monde) se situe dans l’océan Indien au large de l’Afrique de l’Est, dont elle est séparée par le canal du Mozambique. Cette île n’est pas seulement caractérisée par une faune et une flore uniques, mais aussi par une mosaïque métissée de cultures africaines, indonésiennes, asiatiques et européennes ayant en commun le « culte des ancêtres ». Dans la culture malgache, la musique occupe une place centrale, elle est représentative d’une société mêla..

The Secondary Bile acids, Ursodeoxycholic acid and Lithocholic Acid, Protect Against Intestinal Inflammation by Inhibition of Epithelial Apoptosis

Increased epithelial permeability is a key feature of IBD pathogenesis and it has been proposed that agents which promote barrier function may be of therapeutic benefit. We have previously reported the secondary bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), to be protective in a mouse model of colonic inflammation and that its bacterial metabolism is required for its beneficial effects. The current study aimed to compare the effects of UDCA, LCA, and a non-metabolizable analog of UDCA, 6-methyl-UDCA (6-MUDCA), on colonic barrier function and mucosal inflammation in a mouse model of colonic inflammation. Bile acids were administered daily to C57Bl6 mice by intraperitoneal injection. Colonic inflammation, induced by addition of DSS (2.5%) to the drinking water, was measured as disease activity index (DAI) and histological score. Epithelial permeability and apoptosis were assessed by measuring FITC-dextran uptake and caspase-3 cleavage, respectively. Cecal bile acids were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. UDCA and LCA, but not 6-MUDCA, were protective against DSS-induced increases in epithelial permeability and colonic inflammation. Furthermore, UDCA and LCA inhibited colonic epithelial caspase-3 cleavage both in DSS-treated mice and in an in vitro model of cytokine-induced epithelial injury. HPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed UDCA administration to increase colonic LCA levels, whereas LCA administration did not alter UDCA levels. UDCA, and its primary metabolite, LCA, protect against intestinal inflammation in vivo, at least in part, by inhibition of epithelial apoptosis and promotion of barrier function. These data suggest that clinical trials of UDCA in IBD patients are warranted

Stream sediment analysis for Lithium (Li) exploration in the Douro region (Portugal): A comparative study of the spatial interpolation and catchment basin approaches

Lithium (Li) was recently added to the list of critical raw materials by the European Union due to its significance for the green energy transition. Thus, the development of new toolchains to make Li exploration more economic and more effective is needed. Stream sediment analysis can play an important part in these new tool chains. In this work, two historical stream sediment datasets covering parts of the Fregeneda-Almendra pegmatite field in the Douro region (Portugal) were reprocessed considering two distinct approaches: spatial interpolation through inverse distance weighting (IDW) and the catchment basin approach using the concentration area (C-A) fractal analysis. The following objectives were delineated: (i) determine pathfinder elements for Li, considering relevant associations in the mineralization sources; (ii) compare the performance of both approaches; (iii) identify new target areas for Li. In the case of spatial interpolation, the highest Li values were associated to granites although the use of key elements allowed lithological discrimination and the delineation of target areas. In the catchment basin approach, fractal analysis proved to be effective in decreasing the number of areas of interest with high accuracy (>75%) when considering the previously mapped Li-pegmatites. One of the limitations identified was the number of anomalous basins related to the granites, despite the use of pathfinder elements allowing discriminating granite- from pegmatite-related Li anomalies. Comparing the two approaches, the spatial interpolation method is more adequate for the early stages of exploration (reconnaissance), while the catchment basin approach is more suited for prospect-scale exploration. Field validation of the results identified one pegmatite containing Li mineralization and three others with favorable signs for Li mineralization in the Douro region.The authors would like to thank the financial support provided by FCT– Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portugal) and BMBF Jülich – Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Germany), with the ERA-MIN/0001/2017 – LIGHTS project. The work was also supported by Portuguese National Funds through the FCT projects UIDB/04683/2020 and UIDP/04683/2020 – ICT (Institute of Earth Sciences) and UIDB/50019/2020 – IDL (Instituto Dom Luiz). Joana Cardoso-Fernandes and Jéssica Lima are financially supported within the compass of their respective Ph.D. Thesis, ref. SFRH/BD/136108/2018 and ref. 2020.05793.BD, by national funds from MCTES through FCT, and co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) through POCH – Programa Operacional Capital Humano – and NORTE 2020 regional program. The Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (Project RTI2018-094097-B-100, with ERDF funds) and the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (grant GIU18/084) also contributed economically. The authors are also grateful to BRGM (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières) and LNEG (Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia) for making the data available for this study

Adaptive divergence in shoot gravitropism creates hybrid sterility in an Australian wildflower.

Natural selection is responsible for much of the diversity we see in nature. Just as it drives the evolution of new traits, it can also lead to new species. However, it is unclear whether natural selection conferring adaptation to local environments can drive speciation through the evolution of hybrid sterility between populations. Here, we show that adaptive divergence in shoot gravitropism, the ability of a plant's shoot to bend upwards in response to the downward pull of gravity, contributes to the evolution of hybrid sterility in an Australian wildflower, Senecio lautus We find that shoot gravitropism has evolved multiple times in association with plant height between adjacent populations inhabiting contrasting environments, suggesting that these traits have evolved by natural selection. We directly tested this prediction using a hybrid population subjected to eight rounds of recombination and three rounds of selection in the field. Our experiments revealed that shoot gravitropism responds to natural selection in the expected direction of the locally adapted population. Using the advanced hybrid population, we discovered that individuals with extreme differences in gravitropism had more sterile crosses than individuals with similar gravitropic responses, which were largely fertile, indicating that this adaptive trait is genetically correlated with hybrid sterility. Our results suggest that natural selection can drive the evolution of locally adaptive traits that also create hybrid sterility, thus revealing an evolutionary connection between local adaptation and the origin of new species

Genome-Wide Maps of Circulating miRNA Biomarkers for Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease – comprised of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) - is a complex, multi-factorial inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study we have explored the utility of naturally occurring circulating miRNAs as potential blood-based biomarkers for non-invasive prediction of UC incidences. Whole genome maps of circulating miRNAs in micro-vesicles, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and platelets have been constructed from a cohort of 20 UC patients and 20 normal individuals. Through Significance Analysis of Microarrays, a signature of 31 differentially expressed platelet-derived miRNAs has been identified and biomarker performance estimated through a non-probabilistic binary linear classification using Support Vector Machines. Through this approach, classifier measurements reveal a predictive score of 92.8% accuracy, 96.2% specificity and 89.5% sensitivity in distinguishing UC patients from normal individuals. Additionally, the platelet-derived biomarker signature can be validated at 88% accuracy through qPCR assays, and a majority of the miRNAs in this panel can be demonstrated to sub-stratify into 4 highly correlated intensity based clusters. Analysis of predicted targets of these biomarkers reveal an enrichment of pathways associated with cytoskeleton assembly, transport, membrane permeability and regulation of transcription factors engaged in a variety of regulatory cascades that are consistent with a cell-mediated immune response model of intestinal inflammation. Interestingly, comparison of the miRNA biomarker panel and genetic loci implicated in IBD through genome-wide association studies identifies a physical linkage between hsa-miR-941 and a UC susceptibility loci located on Chr 20. Taken together, analysis of these expression maps outlines a promising catalog of novel platelet-derived miRNA biomarkers of clinical utility and provides insight into the potential biological function of these candidates in disease pathogenesis