The Impact of Agricultural Policy Reforms on the Output of Selected Crops in Niger

This paper analyzes the effects of recent agricultural policy reforms on the output of millet-sorghum and cowpeas in Niger. The methodology consists of specifying supply-demand models of the millet-sorghum and cowpea markets, using these models to derive equations which show how the output of each crop is determined, estimating the equations with data from 1970-86, using these estimated equations to predict output during the post-reform years beginning with 1987, and comparing the predictions with actual levels of output. Considered together, the results for millet-sorghum and cowpeas provide plausible evidence that the reforms had a significantly positive effect on output. The paper concludes with some proposals for improving the quality and quantity of data used in the analysis.Center for Research on Economic Development, University of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100751/1/ECON216.pd

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of the Woodlands Cree and Denesuline Peoples of northern Saskatchewan, Canada: The land as teacher and healer

The purpose of this article is to explore and outline the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of First Nation peoples in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. TEK and Western science are increasingly combined for a fuller portrait and understanding of the natural world. However, more research is needed using Indigenous protocols, methodologies, methods, and languages for conceptual clarity. For the Woodlands Cree and Denesuline (Dene) peoples, the land is a giver of life and is both a teacher and healer as represented in this article

CHANGE OF KINETIC LOWER EXTREMITY JOINT VARIABLES DURING UP- AND DOWNHILL WALKING ON DIFFERENTLY INCLINED SLOPES

INTRODUCTION: Lower extremity joint loads in level and downhill walking are reported in several papers (e.g. Kuster et al., 1995, Schwameder et al., 2000). The change of load distribution, however, between the ankle-, knee- and hip joint depending on slope inclination in up- and downhill walking are still not sufficiently presented. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine kinetic variables at the three main lower extremity joints as a function of both, declination and inclination of the slope

Skripsi Evaluasi Persediaan Komputer pada Cv.cahaya Resky di Sangatta

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of needs and analyze the need for computer inventory in a year, how many times bookings must be made. Based on the background described above, then that becomes a problem in this study "whether the amount of inventory Computers planned by CV.CAHAYA Resky were optimal.Data used in the form of data on computer needs and the costs incurred in the ordering and storage during 2009. Data collection techniques by observation, interviews, examination of company documents.Basic theory used is the operational management and inventory management. Hypothesis testing is done, when the supply of computer disangatta not optimal then the hypothesis is accepted, whereas if the amount of inventory in Sangatta computer that had been planned were optimal then the hypothesis is rejected. Data collection techniques by observation, interviews, examination of company documents. komputer inventory analysis results in CV.CAHAYA Resky in Sangatta obtained conclusion is seen that the optimal inventory that occurred as much as 273 units a year by ordering frequency 21 times or 13 units in each booking. Total fees in the year amounted to Rp. 9.1 million. while safety stock (safety stock) by as much as 103 unit.hal analysis tool is different from the activities carried out ordering 22 units once the message with 7 days each message, and safety stock determined as many as 100 units.The proposed hypothesis which states that the alleged supply of computers that do CV.CAHAYA Resky Sengata proven not optimal and acceptable

The Belgian policy of funding antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals and trends of selected quality indicators for antimicrobial use, 1999-2010: a longitudinal study

Objectives: In order to improve antimicrobial (AM) use, a policy of providing technical and financial support to AM management teams (AMTs) was rolled out in all Belgian hospitals between 2002 and 2008. We aimed to analyse the association of this policy with AM use for the two indications accounting for the largest number of patients receiving AM: prophylaxis for major lower limb orthopaedic surgery and pneumonia. Design, setting, participants: We used patient-level data routinely collected in all Belgian acute care hospitals between 1999 and 2010. We modelled trends for selected quality indicators (QIs) using the year of AMT implementation in each hospital as the main 'change point', with fine-tuned case-mix adjustment. Of all admissions for lower limb orthopaedic surgery, and pneumonia between 1999 and 2010, 90% (325 094) and 95% (327 635), respectively, were found eligible for analyses. Outcomes: The surgery QI was defined as: cefazolin, dose in the expected range, and no use of other AM. For pneumonia, QIs were: ratio of oral/parenteral defined daily doses (DDD, O/P QI), and mean number of DDD minus penicillin, per 100 days of hospitalisation (DDD QI). Results: Between 1999 and 2010, the surgery QI improved from 59% to 71%, the O/P QI from 0.72 to 0.97, and the DDD QI from 96 to 64. Heterogeneity between hospitals was high. Overall, no association was found with the year of implementation of the AMT. Conclusions: Improvements have been observed but could not be related at the national level to the policy under study. However, these results cannot be extrapolated to other QIs for AM use in hospitals. Our findings do not question the need for AMT, nor the need for continuation of AMT funding. Several recommendations can be made in order to make the best of Belgium's unique political and financial commitments in that field

A Bigraph Relational Model

In this paper, we present a model based on relations for bigraphical reactive systems [Milner09]. Its defining characteristics are that validity and reaction relations are captured as traces in a multi-set rewriting system. The relational model is derived from Milner's graphical definition and directly amenable to implementation.Comment: In Proceedings LFMTP 2011, arXiv:1110.668

Intercultural education for integrated education system

This paper is a brief description of the current developments in the educational system in the country and the need reform it. In terms of inter-ethnic relations in education, more prominent is the need for its interethnic integration. One of the ways to save and overcome the misunderstandings, and the integration of this system is seen precisely in the intercultural education that acknowledges and respects diversity and supports diversity or diversity in all areas of human life. That kind of education makes the students sensitive to the idea that people have naturally developed a different way of life, customs, traditions, values and worldview. The intercultural education tends to overcome the passive coexistence and to create a developed and sustainable way of living in a multicultural society as ours. This kind of upbringing and education should build individuals with intercultural competences who are capable of living and working in a multicultural environment. Hence, by analysing the advantages, principles, objectives and principles of intercultural education we will point out its necessity and a suitable way for introducing it into the curriculum, with the aim of improving and integrating the inter-ethnicity in the educational system, where it is most necessary and would give productive results in terms of building a healthy, stable and prosperous society. Keywords: multiculturalism, inter-culturalism, integration, educational system reform

Pests or prey? Micromammal species within an ancient anthropic environment at the Norse settlement site of Tuquoy (Westray, Orkney)

Excel file with five tables containing Tuquoy micromammal data (four tables) and references from Andrews 1990 (one table)

Electrochemical synthesis of pyrazolines and pyrazoles via [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition

Pyrazolines and pyrazoles are common and important motifs of pharmaceutical agents and agrochemicals. Herein, the first electrochemical approach for their direct synthesis from easily accessible hydrazones and dipolarophiles up to decagram scale is presented. The application of a biphasic system (aqueous/organic) even allows for the conversion of highly sensitive alkenes, wherein inexpensive sodium iodide is employed in a dual role as supporting electrolyte and mediator. In addition, mechanistic insight into the reaction is given by the isolation of key step intermediates. The relevance of the presented reaction is underlined by the synthesis of commercial herbicide safener mefenpyr-diethyl in good yields