Probing multilayer stack reflectors by low coherence interferometry in extreme ultraviolet

International audienceWe use low coherence interferometry to investigate the depth structure of a complex multilayer stack reflector. The probing instrument is an interferometer based on a Fresnel's bi-mirror illuminated by relatively wide-band synchrotron undulator light near 13.5 nm. Simulations clearly confirm that our test object generates two back propagated signals that behave as if reflected on two effective planes. First results in this spectral range may open the way to a new physical approach to extreme ultraviolet sample characterization in the form of line-scan optical coherence tomography

Probing multilayer stack reflectors by low coherence interferometry in extreme ultraviolet

International audienceWe use low coherence interferometry to investigate the depth structure of a complex multilayer stack reflector. The probing instrument is an interferometer based on a Fresnel's bi-mirror illuminated by relatively wide-band synchrotron undulator light near 13.5 nm. Simulations clearly confirm that our test object generates two back propagated signals that behave as if reflected on two effective planes. First results in this spectral range may open the way to a new physical approach to extreme ultraviolet sample characterization in the form of line-scan optical coherence tomography

Characterization of optics and masks for the EUV lithography

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Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 for the Year 2013 for 5 Rural Background Sites in France

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Chemical Characterization of PM2.5 for the Year 2013 for 5 Rural Background Sites in France

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Air pollution modeling and exposure assessment during pregnancy in the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE)

We developed a nation-wide exposure model to NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 at a fine spatial and temporal resolution for France in order to study air pollutants exposure during pregnancy for the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE). The exposure to air pollutants was estimated daily for years 2010 and 2011 by combining three simulation models at the national and regional scale (CHIMERE) and at the local urban scale (ADMS-Urban or SIRANE). The spatial resolution was 4 km for the national scale model, 3–4 km for regional models and from 10 to 200 m for urban-scale models. We developed a confidence index (from 0 to 10) based on the target plot to identify the best model to estimate exposure for a given address, year and pollutant. Air pollution exposure during pregnancy was then estimated using each modeling scale for the 17,427 women participating in the ELFE cohort. We described the exposure of the women during different time windows of pregnancy using each of the three models and using the most suitable model as estimated by the confidence index. The exposure estimates obtained from the three models were quite similar and highly correlated (spearman correlation between 0.64 and 0.96), especially for the national and regional models. For NO2 and PM10 predicted by the urban models, the minimum values were lower and the maximum values and the variability were higher, compared to the regional and national models. The averaged confidence indexes were comprised between 5.6 and 8 depending on the pollutant, year and exposure model considered. The best confidence index was observed for urban modeling (10) and the lowest for the regional modeling (0). In average during pregnancy, using the most suitable model, women were exposed to 21 μg/m3 for NO2, 16 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 24 μg/m3 for PM10. To our knowledge, this is the first study combining three modeling tools available at different scales to estimate NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at a fine spatial and temporal resolution over a large geographical area. The confidence index provides guidance in the choice of the exposure model. These exposure estimates will be used to investigate potential effects of air pollutants on the pregnant woman health and on health of the fetus and development of the child

Détection de locus à effets quantitatifs dans le croisement entre les races porcines Large White et Meishan : résultats et perspectives

Chantier qualité spécifique "Auteurs Externes" département de Génétique animale : uniquement liaison auteur au référentiel HR-AccessNational audienc

Nommer les savoirs

Les noms des savoirs sont souvent des boîtes noires que l’on manipule avec ingénuité. Pourtant, qu’ils forgent de nouveaux intitulés pour leurs pratiques savantes ou reprennent des dénominations existantes, les savants eux-mêmes y prêtent une grande attention. Étudier la façon dont on nomme et regroupe les savoirs permet de travailler sur leur émergence, les conditions de leur succès, leurs resémantisations invisibles ou les controverses qui les ont traversés. La dénomination et l’agrégation des savoirs sont indissociables de partitions, de découpages et de distinctions. À travers l’analyse des différentes épithètes feuilletant la « géographie » dans la France des xixe-xxe siècles, on met par exemple au jour une histoire beaucoup moins unitaire que ne le voudraient les représentations autochtones. Souvent transnationaux, les cas étudiés témoignent des appropriations variées d’un même terme comme « enquête », « ethnopsychiatrie » ou le diptyque philologie/linguistique. Enfin, en s’arrêtant sur « behavioral sciences », « moral sciences », « Geisteswissenschaften » ou « sciences humaines » c’est l’objet même de la Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines qui se trouve interrogé. The names of knowledge areas are often treated as unproblematic. Yet scholars treat them as important, even when they have not invented, but only borrowed, the names they apply to new research areas. Examining the distribution and naming of knowledge enables research into the origin of certain terms, how they gained recognition, how their meanings changed imperceptibly, and what conflicts are endemic to them. Naming and grouping knowledge is inseparable from limiting, dividing and distinguishing it. When analysing different qualifications of 'Geography' in 19th-20th- century France, we discover a much less unified history than most French standard representations allow. The case studies cited, which are often transnational, show that a single term such as 'inquiry', 'ethnopsychiatry' or the twin terms 'philology / linguistics' are appropriated in varied ways. In dwelling on the 'behavioural sciences', 'moral sciences', Geisteswissenschaften and sciences humaines [humanities], we explore the very subject-matter of the Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines

Maternal Ambient Exposure to Atmospheric Pollutants during Pregnancy and Offspring Term Birth Weight in the Nationwide ELFE Cohort

International audienceBackground: Studies have reported associations between maternal exposure to atmospheric pollution and lower birth weight. However, the evidence is not consistent and uncertainties remain. We used advanced statistical approaches to robustly estimate the association of atmospheric pollutant exposure during specific pregnancy time windows with term birth weight (TBW) in a nationwide study. Methods: Among 13,334 women from the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE) cohort, exposures to PM2.5, PM10 (particles < 2.5 mu m and <10 mu m) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) were estimated using a fine spatio-temporal exposure model. We used inverse probability scores and doubly robust methods in generalized additive models accounting for spatial autocorrelation to study the association of such exposures with TBW. Results: First trimester exposures were associated with an increased TBW. Second trimester exposures were associated with a decreased TBW by 17.1 g (95% CI, -26.8, -7.3) and by 18.0 g (-26.6, -9.4) for each 5 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, and by 15.9 g (-27.6, -4.2) for each 10 mu g/m(3) increase in NO2. Third trimester exposures (truncated at 37 gestational weeks) were associated with a decreased TBW by 48.1 g (-58.1, -38.0) for PM2.5, 38.1 g (-46.7, -29.6) for PM10 and 14.7 g (-25.3, -4.0) for NO2. Effects of pollutants on TBW were larger in rural areas. Conclusions: Our results support an adverse effect of air pollutant exposure on TBW. We highlighted a larger effect of air pollutants on TBW among women living in rural areas compared to women living in urban areas